Against the background of global population growth, climate change and the increasing tension of arable land resources, how to ensure food security has become a major issue that needs to be addressed by the international community. As an efficient and precise means of genetic modification, transgenic technology has demonstrated remarkable potential in increasing crop yield, enhancing stress resistance and optimising nutritional quality. However, the large-scale application of this technology is still faced with scientific risks such as genetic drift and ecological balance disruption, as well as multiple challenges such as divergence of public opinion, ethical controversies, and lack of regulatory systems. Based on systematic literature research and case study analysis, this paper firstly compiles the major bottlenecks facing global food security and points out the shortcomings of traditional agricultural technologies in coping with extreme environments and resource scarcity; then it elaborates on the principles and successful practices of biotechnologies such as genetic modification and gene editing, and explores the advantages and constraints of these technologies in increasing agricultural yields and sustainable development; finally, it raises questions from the dimensions of technological research and development, public education, law and regulation, and international co-operation. Finally, the study proposes strategies in the dimensions of technology research and development, public education, law and regulation, and international co-operation, and emphasises the importance of multi-party collaboration and long-term monitoring to ensure the safe application and social acceptance of GM technology. The results of this study provide useful references for relevant policy makers, research institutions and the public to understand the opportunities and challenges of GM technology, and lay a theoretical and practical foundation for further improving the food security governance system and achieving the goal of global poverty reduction.