Abstract: India and Nigeria, two prominent developing nations, exhibit both similarities and differences in their foreign policy approaches. While both prioritize economic diplomacy, South-South Cooperation, and regional leadership, their strategic orientations diverge in multilateral engagements and global alliances. This study explores these convergences and divergences by examining the historical foundations, guiding principles, and strategic interests that shape their foreign policies. The research is anchored in the Realist and Constructivist theories, which provide a framework for understanding how domestic and international factors influence foreign policy decisions. Through a comparative analysis, the study assesses the extent to which both nations leverage diplomatic engagements to advance their economic and political influence. The findings reveal that India’s foreign policy is largely driven by its global aspirations, positioning itself as an emerging power with strategic alliances beyond its immediate region. In contrast, Nigeria remains more regionally focused, prioritizing leadership within Africa while maintaining key international partnerships. Despite these differences, both countries utilize diplomacy as a tool for economic growth and political relevance. This study highlights the importance of adaptive foreign policy strategies for developing nations navigating a dynamic global landscape. It recommends that Nigeria adopt a more proactive global stance while maintaining its regional leadership, and India enhance its engagement with Africa to foster mutually beneficial cooperation. Strengthening economic and diplomatic ties between the two nations could also serve as a model for South-South partnerships in the evolving global order.