To date, we have collected extensive data on the oil content and fatty acid composition of rapeseed populations from multiple regions and various time periods. The data were gathered in Wuhan (2016–2019, 4 years), Ezhou (2017–2019, 3 years), Hefei (2017–2018, 2 years), Lanzhou (2018–2019, 2 years), Chengdu (2017), and Kunming (2018). The table below provides detailed information on each population along with their corresponding phenotypic data (categorized by storage location), with the numbers representing the percentage of each component in the total composition. Moreover, all data are openly shared under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, and we welcome researchers to use and exchange these data.