Southern Aral Sea region, including Khorezm province and adjacent territories, is characterized by unique ecological conditions due to the desiccation of the Aral Sea and climate changes. These factors significantly impact public health, leading to specific pathological changes at the cellular, tissue, and organ levels. This article examines the pathological changes in the lungs, hepatobiliary system, kidneys, and cardiovascular system, as well as their correlation with the ecological factors of the region. Additionally, the study highlights the role of environmental stressors in the development of these conditions and emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and prevention within the region.