In India freshwater pearl farming has appeared as a promising sector with traditional aquaculture practices with modern technologies to meet commercial and global need for pearls. This article reveals the various freshwater mussel farming practices adopted in India, including mussel selection, nucleation methods, and water quality management, which are customized to meet the country’s diverse climatic and ecological conditions. It also surveys the challenges faced by the industry, such as improper technology, lack of infrastructure, fluctuating water quality, and impacts of climate change. By highlighting advancements in farming techniques and sustainability practices, this article reveals the crucial role of freshwater pearl farming in promoting a balanced relationship between economic growth and environmental conservation.