This paper analyzes the historic buildout of electrical generation and transmission on Alaska’s Railbelt grid—the single largest machine in America’s largest state. At the highest level, it asks: how did the Railbelt electrify and become a grid? The paper finds that Alaskans, with the indispensable support of the federal government, built 2.7 gigawatts of generation and over 1,600 miles of high-voltage transmission lines. Development proceeded organically with Alaska’s wider economy and boomed periodically with distinct “golden ages.” These electric golden ages occurred at key moments when new technologies unlocked cheaper energy, Alaskans needed more power to expand economic prosperity, and power authorities were aligned on policy objectives. State, federal, and rural electric cooperatives provided the funding and leadership to interconnect the grid, primarily in the 1960s and 1980s with new hydropower development. Despite building one of the largest machines in Alaska, the Railbelt remains a weekly connected power grid. The historical problems of power pooling, an efficient single load balancing area, and creating a unified or independent grid operator remain significant challenges.

This project is part of the Arctic Regional Collaboration for Technology Innovation and Commercialization II Program - Innovation Network, an initiative supported by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) Award N00014-22-1-2049. This project is funded by state of Alaska fiscal year 2023 economic development capital funding. Additionally, this project has been supported by the Hawai’i Natural Energy Institute.