This dataset contains paleo-species data from a peat macrofossil record (reaching ~10 000 cal yr BP) along with independent Holocene paleoclimate proxy data from southern Sweden, to be used in paleo-species distribution modelling. The response variables include selected paleo-species (Sphagnum spp, Eriophorum vaginatum, Carex spp, and Ericaceous plants), obtained from a previously published peat macrofossil analysis (Store Mosse Bog, south-central Sweden; Ryberg et al., 2022) that specifically provides data on presence/absence and abundance of the selected species. Additionally, a set of previously published Holocene paleo-climate proxy data was used as explanatory variables (or predictor variables), these include a temperature reconstruction from a pollen analysis (Lake Trehörningen; Antonsson and Seppä, 2007), local moisture conditions from a molecular analysis within Store Mosse Bog (Martinez-Cortizas et al., 2021), regionally dry periods and external nutrient input from elemental analysis within Store Mosse Bog (Kylander et al., 2016, 2018), and past fire activity based on the presence of macroscopic charcoal in the macrofossil analysis used in the paleo-species dataset (Ryberg et al., 2022). The five explanatory variables have been aligned using their respective age-depth models to match the ages of the paleo-species dataset. Detailed information about the methods are found in Ryberg et al. "Quantitative assessment of past variations in Sphagnum bog community structure using paleo-species distribution modeling", Ecology.