Dataset To study the association of dental caries and erosion in athletes with dietary and oral health habits. An observational cross-sectional study was conducted at the Sports Dentistry department of a university clinic. Intraoral examination included International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS II) index and the Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE). A questionnaire was completed with sociodemographic data, dietary and oral hygiene habits. Inferential and multivariable regression analysis was performed to study the association of dental caries and erosion with confounding variables. A total of 80 athletes were included. The prevalence of dental caries and erosion was 50.0% and 40% respectively. Significant associations were observed between self-perceived oral health and caries lesions, with "Good" (Estimate: -5.01, p = 0.0009) and "Very good" (Estimate: -5.46, p = 0.0006) perceptions linked to fewer lesions. BEWE scores revealed significant associations with meal frequency uncertainty (Estimate: -12.56, p = 0.014) and uncertainty about the last dental visit (Estimate: 8.82, p = 0.014). Self-perceived oral health as "Good" or "Very good" was associated with lower dental erosion (p < 0.01). Other demographic and behavioral factors were not significantly associated with caries or erosion. This cohort of athletes exhibited a high prevalence of dental caries. and erosion, with associated dietary and oral hygiene habits. These results highlight the need for targeted dietary counseling and oral health education for athletes, whose nutritional needs may lead to increased consumption of sugar-rich diets.