The role of women in Assamese society is deeply intertwined with the region’s cultural, historical, and social fabric. Historically, Assamese women have been celebrated for their resilience and contributions to family, society, and the economy. Yet, their status has fluctuated between veneration and subjugation, influenced by evolving socio-political dynamics. This paper explores the complex and multi-dimensional role of women in Assam, examining how gender roles in the state have transformed over time, shaped by both indigenous traditions and colonial influences. In traditional Assamese society, women held a significant position in family and community life, often being seen as the pillars of the household, particularly in agricultural and rural contexts. Their roles, though central, were generally confined to domestic spaces and culturally defined boundaries. However, Assamese women have also made noteworthy contributions to arts, literature, and culture, with figures like Sati Sadhani, influential Assamese women poets, writers, and social reformers such as Mamani Raysam Goswami, playing vital roles in the region’s history. Despite these contributions, women faced systemic barriers such as caste-based oppression, limited access to education, and economic dependency on male figures. The colonial period further exacerbated gender inequalities, with women’s lives being restricted by both traditional and colonial ideologies. However, the late 19th and early 20th centuries marked the beginning of women’s social awakening, with notable movements like the Brahmo Samaj and the rise of educated women advocating for reform. Leaders such as Kanaklata Barua and Bhogeswari Phukanani became symbols of resistance against colonial oppression and socio-cultural conservatism. Their activism laid the groundwork for future generations of women to challenge societal norms and fight for gender equality in Assam.