The following data, related to the article titled "X-ray probes reveal 3D texture, structure, and force chains in sandstone" is available in this repository: Raw XRCT images for each of the five load steps described in the main text. These are labeled "XRCT_StepN.tif" where N is the step number referenced in the article. Results of XRCT segmentation using the Weka toolkit for each of the five load steps described in the main text. These are probability maps for grains with labels "StepN_prob_grains.tif" where N is the step number referenced in the article. A segmented XRCT image from load step 3 (0.3% sample strain). This is labeled "Step3_XRCT_Segmentation.tif". Each grain features a unique integer ID in this image. A .mat file containing centers of mass, orientations, stress tensors, strain tensors, and volumes for all grains successfully identified in each load step through ff-HEDM measurements. The file is titled "3DXRD.mat" and contains: A 1x5 cell comAll with centers of mass of grains identified in 3DXRD at each of the five load steps referenced in the article. Each row entry in the arrays in each cell contains the x,y,z positions of the grains as determined from 3DXRD. A 1x5 cell orientAll with rotation matrices for each grain identified in 3DXRD at each of the five load steps referenced in the article. Each row entry in the arrays in each cell contains the rotation matrix from the grain's crystal frame to the laboratory frame. The rotation matrix can be recovered by using the Matlab function "reshape" to covert the 1x9 row entry to a 3x3 matrix. A 1x5 cell strainAll with lattice strains (in the laboratory frame) obtained from 3DXRD at each of the five load steps referenced in the article. Each row in the arrays in each cell contains a 1x9 entry which can be converted to a 3x3 strain tensor with the "reshape" function. A 1x5 cell stressAll with grain stresses (in the laboratory frame) obtained from 3DXRD at each of the five load steps referenced in the article. Each row in the arrays in each cell contains a 1x9 entry which can be converted to a 3x3 stress tensor with the "reshape" function. A 1x5 cell volAll with grain volumes in cubic mm obtained from 3DXRD at each of the five load steps referenced in the article. Note that this grain volume is approximate and is based on the sum of spot intensity for each grain. A 5x9 array stHom for which each row represents the average stress for all grains in the load step corresponding to the row number, taken as the average of the values in the corresponding cell of stressAll. .csv files for each of the 21 layers analyzed with nf-HEDM containing positions, confidence index, and Euler angles for each pixel. These are labeled "nugget1_layerN_para.csv" where N is the layer number, between 1 and 21, of the slice. Each layer corresponds to the 2 micron tall nf-HEDM scan described in the paper. These files are generated from slices taken through a 3D volume in ParaView and contain some data not used in the paper. Columns which are used include Confidence Index, EulerAngles (0, 1, 2), FeatureIds, X Position, and Y Position