The mice were maintained under standard conditions and cared for according to institutional guidelines for animal care. For H2O2 induced chronic cystitis, under pentobarbital anesthesia, 6-week-old female mice were injected with 50 µl 1.5% H2O2 via a 24-G polypropylene catheter introduced into the bladder. Control group received injection of distilled water. 14days after the first injection, another injection of H2O2 was given to the mice. 14 days after the second injection, the mice were euthanized an the bladders were collected for further analysis. Single cells were isolated from mouse bladder tissues, including both normal and H2O2-induced cystitis samples. Single-cell suspensions were processed using the 10K Chromium Controller from 10K Genomics in China, following the manufacturer's guidelines. The scRNA-seq libraries were prepared using the Chromium Single-Cell 3'-End V3.1 kit (CG000204 Rev D).