Case-based research remains a staple of political science. Yet when embarking on research projects, many users, including advanced undergraduates, graduate students, and even seasoned researchers, remain confused about its various types. Casual references to “in-depth case studies,” “process tracing,” and “comparative analysis” can overlook (or misuse) the multiple ways to analyze a case. In both the classroom and in the research review process, we have encountered students and peers who are unclear about these different approaches, as well as the advantages they offer and the challenges they pose.