Scientists and philosophers have long struggled with the question of whether non-human animals experience emotions or consciousness. Yet, it is unclear where the scientific consensus on these topics lies today. To address this gap, we administered a survey of professional animal behavior researchers to assess perceptions regarding (1) taxonomic distribution of emotions and consciousness in non-human animals, (2) respondents' confidence in this assessment, and (3) attitudes towards pitfalls and potential for progress when addressing these questions. Respondents (n=100) ascribe emotionality and consciousness to a broad swath of the animal taxonomy, including non-human primates, other mammals, birds, and cephalopods. Respondents' attribution of these phenomena was strongly with their confidence in their assessments (R2 > 0.9), with respondents assuming an absence of emotions and consciousness when they were unsure. We also identify an emergent consensus of the components involved in a functional definition of emotions. Researchers are optimistic that tools either currently exist or will exist in the future to rigorously address these questions (>85%) and that animal behavior, as a field, should do more to encourage emotions research (71%). We discuss implications for publication bias and future work in this area as well as ethical considerations regarding animal care and use.

Funding provided by: National Science FoundationROR ID: https://ror.org/021nxhr62Award Number: 2109636 Funding provided by: Cornell UniversityROR ID: https://ror.org/05bnh6r87Award Number: Funding provided by: National Institute of General Medical SciencesROR ID: https://ror.org/04q48ey07Award Number: GM000680