The Ottoman Empire, characterized by significant ethnic and cultural diversity, saw a majority Muslim population with ethnic groups including Turks, Persians, Arabs, Circassians, and Kurds, under the leadership of the caliph. Non-Muslims, including Greeks, Armenians, and Jews, were recognized with their the caliphs endowed with significant authority. Nationalism, defined as the ideology that elevates the political and historical legitimacy of a group sharing a common culture or ethnicity within a specific geography, took on a unique trajectory in the Ottoman context. Turkish nationalism emerged in the 19th century with an initial focus on language and culture, later becoming a political movement by the early 20th century. Key figures like Kazanlı Crimean Tatar Yusuf Akçura and Diyarbakırlı Ziya Gökalp played crucial roles in shaping Turkish nationalism, with Gökalp contributing significantly through his works like "Principles of Turkism." The movement was also influenced by earlier works of Orientalists and Turkologists, which laid the foundation for a deeper exploration of Turkish history, language, and culture. The late Ottoman period and the Tanzimat reforms, aimed at modernization, significantly impacted the development of Turkish nationalism, which responded to the ethnic nationalism of Balkan groups and the broader context of declining Ottoman authority. The Turkism movement continued to evolve, contributing to the cultural and political landscape leading up to the establishment of the Turkish Republic.