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L’Émergence du virus EBOLA chez l’homme: un long processus pas totalement élucidé

Authors: Leroy, Éric Maurice;

L’Émergence du virus EBOLA chez l’homme: un long processus pas totalement élucidé

Abstract

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) RÉSUMÉ Le virus Ébola cause régulièrement depuis 1976 des petites épidémies meurtrières généralement maitrisées en quelques mois. Alors que seule l'Afrique Centrale en avait été victime jusqu'alors, une épidémie à virus Ébola d'une ampleur extraordinaire embrase dramatiquement plusieurs pays d'Afrique de l'Ouest depuis le mois de décembre 2013 principalement en raison des défaillances majeures dans la mise en œuvre des mesures visant à empêcher les transmissions interhumaines du virus. Après une période d'incubation d'environ une semaine, la maladie se manifeste par l'apparition soudaine d'une forte fièvre aboutissant in fine à des hémorragies multiples puis à la défaillance généralisée des organes. Plusieurs espèces de chauves-souris seraient les principaux réservoirs du virus Ébola. La contamination de l'homme se produirait soit directement auprès des chauves-souris, largement consommées par les populations locales, soit par l'intermédiaire d'espèces animales sensibles au virus, telles que les chimpanzés et les gorilles. À côté de ce « cycle naturel », l'hypothèse d'un « cycle épidémique » impliquant des espèces animales domestiques vivant dans les villages tels que les chiens ou les porcs, tend désormais à être sérieusement avancée. Ainsi, en fonction des animaux impliqués et de la forme clinique des infections développées, les modalités de la contamination de l'homme peuvent être multiples et sont donc encore largement méconnues. Dans un tel contexte, tous les efforts qui pourront être déployés pour percer le mystère de l'émergence du virus Ébola chez l'homme et clarifier les modalités de la transmission du virus, permettront peut-être de prédire voire d'anticiper l'apparition des épidémies. L'objectif de cette revue est de dresser un état des lieux exhaustif de l'écologie du virus Ébola et de mettre en lumière les évènements qui gouvernent la transmission du virus à l'homme tout en précisant les points encore nombreux qui demeurent non élucidés. SUMMARY Since 1976 Ebola virus regularly has caused small deadly outbreaks in Central Africa, usually controlled in a few months. For the first time, an Ebola epidemic of exceptional magnitude dramatically engulfed several countries in West Africa since December 2013. Major failures of implementing measures to prevent human-to-human transmissions are the main cause of this large-scale Ebola outbreak. After about one-week incubation period, the Ebola virus disease is characterized by a sudden onset of high fever leading to multiple hemorrhages and to widespread organ failure. Several bat species constitute the main reservoirs of Ebola viruses. Human contamination would occur either directly from bats, widely consumed by the local populations, or through animal species susceptible to Ebola infection, such as chimpanzees and gorillas. Alongside this "natural cycle", an "epidemic cycle" involving domestic animals living in villages such as dogs or pigs, is seriously suggested. Thus, according to the diversity of concerned animals and their clinical infection form, modalities of human contamination can be multiple and are still largely unknown. In this context, all efforts that could be made to unravel the mystery of the Ebola virus emergence in humans and clarify modalities of the virus transmission, would allow for predicting or for anticipating the future occurrence of epidemics. This review aims to provide an exhaustive inventory of the Ebola ecology to highlight events governing the virus transmission to humans that still remain unsolved.

Keywords

Apoptose, Fièvre hémorragique à virus ébola, Communication, bats, Apoptosis, bat, Biodiversity, Disease reservoirs, Hemorrhagic fever, ebola, Chiroptera, Mammalia, Animalia, Réservoirs d'agents pathogènes, Chordata

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    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
1
Average
Average
Average
Green
bronze