FIG. 4. Hypothesis 4, Cretaceous North America–Asia faunal exchanges. This includes both the Early and Late Cretaceous establishments of the Bering land bridge. The green arrowed line denotes the approximate dispersal directions and route. Dotted lines denote paleogeography at 110 Ma, solid lines denote paleogeography at 75 Ma. Paleomap after (Matthews et al., 2016). Abbreviations: A, Asia; AO, Atlantic Ocean; E, Europe; F, Africa; I, India; M, Madagascar; N, North America; PO, Pacific Ocean; S, South America; T, Antarctica; TO, Tethys Ocean; U, Australia.

Published as part of Pittman, Michael & Xu, Xing, 2020, Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers, pp. 1-353 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2020 (440) on page 128, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.440.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/12778891