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1980'lerden İtibaren Türkiye'de Basında Dönüşüm: Köşe Yazarları ve Çetin Altan Örneği

Transformation in the Press in Turkey since the 1980s: Columnists and the Example of Çetin Altan
Authors: Selçuk, Ekin Kadir;

1980'lerden İtibaren Türkiye'de Basında Dönüşüm: Köşe Yazarları ve Çetin Altan Örneği

Abstract

Turkish society has entered a major transformation process since the 1980s compared to the previous 20 years. For the first time in the 1980s, the urban population in the country dominated those living in rural areas, while in the new period, values such as social justice, solidarity and social struggle were replaced by desires and demands such as individualism, desire for enrichment, competition and opening up to the world. One of the channels where these transformations became evident was the media, which itself was changing. While the media was previously an area where public issues were discussed, it gradually became an area where personal demands, desires and lifestyles were exhibited as a result of the private space occupying the public space. Especially columnists did not refrain from discussing their daily and private lives in their columns. In this process, among the famous columnists of the period, those who came to a different point from the line they followed in previous years were at the forefront. While these writers were closer to leftist movements and leftist ideas in the 1960s and 1970s, in the 80s and 90s they wrote to confess and "reveal" their mistakes, and they strictly adhered to the values of the new age, such as globalization, information age, and information society. Çetin Altan was one of the most read writers by left-wing generations in Turkey in the 1960s. The author also became a member of parliament from the socialist Turkish Workers' Party in 1965. In the 1980s and 1990s, Altan wrote articles explaining the blessings of globalization and arguing that digital technologies popularized by global capitalism would eventually lead the world to peace and democracy. In these articles, unlike other writers, Altan did not say that the socialist views he defended, especially those of Karl Marx, were wrong. He did not attempt to confess or disclose. Instead, Altan defended globalization and entrepreneurship, which is the building block of the neoliberal system, as the realization of Marx's views. He explained the values of global capitalism and the necessity of harmony with them by connecting them with human characteristics such as having a profession, looking at the world with a broad horizon, and being curious. He thought that globalization would eliminate borders over time, that workers would not need to work long hours, and that the prevalence of digital technologies would lead people to a much more comfortable world with reduced exploitation. According to Altan, this is exactly what Marx and socialism said. Altan, who was harshly criticized by the right-wing in the 1960s, attracted the reaction of left-wing circles with these views from the 1980s onwards. His sympathy, especially for Turgut Özal, the executor of the policies of the period, caused a rift with his close friends such as Aziz Nesin. Altan, who was included in the class of "whiskey-drinking lounge socialists" by the opinion leaders of the right wing in the 1960s, became one of those who were addressed as "Renegade", which was frequently used by left circles, since the 1980s. In this study, through newspaper articles and books, it will be discussed at what points Çetin Altan differed from his old line in the 80s and 90s, 60s and 70s, and at what points a continuity can be mentioned. Another question of this study will be to what extent Altan's predictions about Turkey and the world, which reflects his liberal optimism with the phrase “Enseyi karartmayın” (Do not be pessimistic) which he has frequently used since the 80s, have come true.

Türkiye toplumu 1980'lerden itibaren önceki 20 yıla göre büyük bir dönüşüm sürecine girdi. İlk kez 1980'lerde ülkede kentli nüfusun ağırlığı kırsal kesimde yaşayanlara baskın çıkarken yeni dönemde sosyal adalet, dayanışma, toplumsal mücadele gibi değerler yerini bireysellik, zenginleşme arzusu, rekabet ve dünyaya açılma gibi arzu ve taleplere bıraktı. Bu dönüşümlerin belirgin hale geldiği mecralardan biri de bizzat kendisi de değişen medyaydı. Medya daha önce kamusal konuların tartışıldığı bir alanken giderek dönemi içinde özel alanın kamusalı işgali neticesinde şahsi talep ve arzuların, yaşam biçimlerinin sergilendiği bir alan haline geldi. Özellikle köşe yazarları gündelik yaşamlarını, özel hayatlarını köşelerine konu etmekten kaçınmadılar. Bu süreçte dönemin ünlü köşe yazarları arasında önceki yıllarda tutturdukları çizgiden farklı bir noktaya gelenler başı çekiyordu. Bu yazarlar 1960'larda ve 1970'lerde daha ziyade sol hareketlerle ve sol fikirlerle yakınken 80'lerde ve 90'larda günah çıkarmaya, yaptıkları yanlışları "ifşa etmeye" yönelik yazdılar ve yeni çağın değerleri olan globalleşme, bilişim çağı, enformasyon toplumu gibi kavramlarına sıkı sarıldılar. Çetin Altan 1960'larda Türkiye'de sol görüşlü kuşakların en çok okuduğu yazarların başında geliyordu. Yazar 1965'te sosyalist kimlikli Türkiye İşçi Partisi'nden milletvekili de olmuştu. Altan 1980'lerde ve 1990'larda globalleşmenin nimetlerini anlatan, küresel kapitalizmin yaygınlaştırdığı dijital teknolojilerin dünyayı eninde sonunda barış ve demokrasiye götüreceğini savunan yazılar yazdı. Altan bu yazılarında diğer yazarların aksine savunduğu sosyalist görüşlerin, en başta da Karl Marx'ın düşüncelerinin yanlış olduğunu söylemedi. Günah çıkartmak ya da ifşa etmek gibi bir tutum takınmadı. Altan bunun yerine globalleşmeyi ve neoliberal sistemin yapıtaşı olan girişimciliği tam da Marks'ın görüşlerinin gerçekleşmiş hali olarak savundu. Küresel kapitalizmin değerlerini ve onlarla uyumun gerekliliğini meslek sahibi olma, dünyaya geniş ufukla bakma, merak etme gibi insani hasletlerle bağlantılandırarak anlattı. Globalleşmenin zamanla sınırları ortadan kaldıracağını, işçilerin uzu süreli çalışmasına gerek kalmayacağını, dijital teknolojilerin yaygınlığının insanı çok daha konforlu, sömürünün azaldığı bir dünyaya götürdüğünü düşündü. Altan'a göre bu tam da Marks'ın ve sosyalizmin söylediği şeydi. 1960'larda sağ cenah tarafından kıyasıya eleştirilen Altan, 1980'lerden itibarense bu görüşleriyle sol çevrelerin tepkisini çekti. Onun bilhassa, dönemin politikalarının yürütücüsü Turgut Özal'a olan sempatisi Aziz Nesin gibi yakın arkadaşlarıyla arasının açılmasına neden oldu. 1960'larda sağ cenahın kanaat önderleri tarafından" viski içen salon sosyalistleri" sınıfına dahil eden Altan 1980'lerden itibarense sol çevrelerin sıklıkla başvurduğu "Dönek" hitabına muhatap olanların başında geldi. Bu çalışmada gazete yazıları ve kitapları üzerinden Çetin Altan'ın 80 ve 90'larda, 60 ve 70'lerdeki eski çizgisinden hangi noktalarda ayrıldığı, hangi noktalarda bir devamlılıktan bahsedilebileceği tartışılacak: 80'lerde itibaren sıklıkla başvurduğu "Ensesi karartmayın" lafıyla liberal iyimserliğini yansıtan Altan'ın Türkiye'ye ve dünyaya dair öngörülerinin ne oranda gerçekleşip gerçekleşmediği yine bu çalışmanın bir başka sorusunu oluşturacak.

Keywords

Neoliberalism, Çetin Altan, Media,, Medya, Girişim, Globalleşme, Neoliberalizm, Globalization, Enterprise

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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