AbstractAim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility, stone‑free rate, andcomplications of RIRS in children <5 years of age.Methods: All children less <5 years of age with a stone size <2 cm (renal/proximal ureteric),who underwent RIRS at Sri venkateshwar institute of medical sciences, Tirupati, India for theperiod of two years were included in this retrospective study. A total of 50 children with 64renal units met the inclusion criteria. From our hospital database, demographic data, completehistory, clinical examination findings, laboratory reports of complete hemogram, serumbiochemistry, urine analysis, and urine culture were retrieved.Results: A total of 50 pediatric patients were evaluated, out of whom, 4 had bilateral renalstones (54 renal units). Out of these 50 renal units, 4 patients had multiple stones in the samerenal unit. The youngest child was a 4‑month‑old boy who presented with anuria due tobilateral upper ureteric stones. The most common location of the stone was the pelvis and thelower pole. Stones were most commonly of the mixed composition (46%), followed bycalcium oxalate dihydrate (22%).Conclusion: Pediatric RIRS is a promising option in young children as it offers an acceptablestone free rates and a low incidence of high grade complications. However, it requiresexpertise and should be offered at tertiary care centres.

AbstractAim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility, stone‑free rate, andcomplications of RIRS in children <5 years of age.Methods: All children less <5 years of age with a stone size <2 cm (renal/proximal ureteric),who underwent RIRS at Sri venkateshwar institute of medical sciences, Tirupati, India for theperiod of two years were included in this retrospective study. A total of 50 children with 64renal units met the inclusion criteria. From our hospital database, demographic data, completehistory, clinical examination findings, laboratory reports of complete hemogram, serumbiochemistry, urine analysis, and urine culture were retrieved.Results: A total of 50 pediatric patients were evaluated, out of whom, 4 had bilateral renalstones (54 renal units). Out of these 50 renal units, 4 patients had multiple stones in the samerenal unit. The youngest child was a 4‑month‑old boy who presented with anuria due tobilateral upper ureteric stones. The most common location of the stone was the pelvis and thelower pole. Stones were most commonly of the mixed composition (46%), followed bycalcium oxalate dihydrate (22%).Conclusion: Pediatric RIRS is a promising option in young children as it offers an acceptablestone free rates and a low incidence of high grade complications. However, it requiresexpertise and should be offered at tertiary care centres.