The renditions of bat gwo and daan (hai) were closely examined by looking into how they were interpreted. Figure 1 lists all the renditions of bat gwo and their frequency. The figures show that bat gwo was most often interpreted into however (frequency=22) — its closest equivalence in English. There were, however, 7 cases that bat gwo was interpreted into but — its stronger and less subtle correspondence that indicates denial and contrast. Apart from rendering into these two most common English contrastive markers, there were also 5 cases that bat gwo was not interpreted at all, suggesting a possible mitigation strategy employed by the interpreter(s). Likewise, the rest of bat gwo were rendered into other markers including nevertheless, nonetheless, while, yet, having said that / that said, all of which indicate concession and topic change, yet with an even higher degree of subtlety as compared to however.

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