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Como tem acontecido com diversas áreas da informática, as redes de computadores tiveram uma evolução considerável nos últimos anos. De maneira geral, esta evolução tem sido alavancada principalmente pelas seguintes fatores: i) uso de fibras ópticas como meio de transmissão; e ii) surgimento de novas tecnologias de redes de alta-velocidade como o FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface), o ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), o DQDB (Distributed Queue Dual Bus) e o SONET (Synchronous Optical Network), dentre outras. Na sua maioria, estas tecnologias fazem uso de fibras ópticas como meio de transmissão. Na década de 70, as redes de computadores operavam tipicamente com taxas de transmissão da ordem de dezenas de milhares de bits por segundo ( N Kbps) num contexto de interconexão de computadores de grande porte (mainframes). Na década de 80, as tecnologias de redes locais (LANs - Local Area Networks) passaram a operar com taxas de transmissão da ordem de dezenas de milhões de bits por segundo (N Mbps) num contexto de interconexão de computadores de pequeno, médio e grande porte e, também, de interconexão de redes. Na década de 90, as taxas de transmissão já são da ordem de centenas de milhões de bits por segundo (FDDI e ATM), podendo alcançar a faixa dos gigabits por segundo (N Gbps), num contexto de interconexão generalizada e transparente de estações de trabalho (workstations), computadores pessoais, computadores de grande porte e redes de computadores com os elementos citados num ambiente local, metropolitano (MAN - Metropolitan Area Network) ou de longa-distância (WAN - Wide Area Network). A evolução obviamente continua. Neste sentido, com o advento das fibras ópticas, do processamento óptico e da utilização de técnicas de multiplexação por divisão em comprimento de onda (WDM - Wavelenght Division Multiplexing), deve-se alcançar taxas de transmissão da ordem de terabits (10e12 bits/segundo) nos próximos anos. O uso da técnica WDM associada à necessidade de ter-se múltiplos canais lógicos, capacidade de chaveamento (switching) e processamento compatíveis com taxas de velocidade da ordem de gigabit ou terabit por segundo, ilustra apenas algumas dos muitos desafios impostos pelas novas tecnologias de rede. Esta evolução faz com que modelos de arquitetura e protocolos tradicionalmente utilizados nas redes e sistemas finais sejam reavaliados de forma a possibilitar a exploração completa da grande faixa de passagem (bandwidth) propiciada pelas novas tecnologias de rede de alta-velocidade.

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