Powered by OpenAIRE graph
Found an issue? Give us feedback
image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODOarrow_drop_down
image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
ZENODO
Preprint . 2024
License: CC BY
Data sources: ZENODO
ZENODO
Preprint . 2024
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2024
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
versions View all 2 versions
addClaim

The Effects of Averaging within Probability in Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Ruggeri, Francesco R.;

The Effects of Averaging within Probability in Quantum Mechanics

Abstract

In classical probability, an average is a basis measure of a set of data. We suggest that the set of data is like a vector and that the average reduces this vector to a scalar and thereby loses information. As a result, one often uses the average together with a standard deviation. An average, however, is not the same as a probability, but it does take a vector and reduce it to a scalar. In quantum mechanics, we suggest that the wavefunction, W, is a vector probability and that the so-called probability of presence or spatial density W*W is a scalar, i.e. a modulus. In other words, we argue that a kind of averaging has already occurred in creating W*W which loses much critical information. W*W is a kind of average probability which only corresponds to an averaging of measurements and does not allow one to solve momentum related physical problems such as 2-slit scattering and one dimensional reflection-refraction. In particular, we note that exp(ipx) is a 2-vector and exp(ipx)exp(-ipx)=1 a scalar with little information. exp(ipx) represents a spatial resolution of hbar/p which is completely lost in 1. Thus, we argue that W*W is not really a probability of presence. Averaging may even occur in W. For example, for a bound state, time averaging exists because one uses exp(ipx) and exp(-ipx). This averaging reveals the resolution peaks/troughs, but a 2-vector is reduced to a single component. Physically, the two vector has not disappeared, it is only averaged down to one. Similarly, classical physics arises by using an envelope function (1) which touches peaks of W*W and so we argue that this is a kind of blurring process which removes information. In (1), the notion of W*W in nonrelativsitic quantum mechanics has been extended by using a nonrelativistic limit of a Dirac 4-vector, i.e. has been reduced to two 2-spinors (W, sigma dot p /2m W) ((1)) where sigma are the Pauli matrices. This leads to W*W + 1/(4mm) gradW* dot grad W as the “probability of presence”, but once again a vector probability, this time a double vector because for a free particle one has exp(ip dot r) linked to each component and so W*W leads to a double loss of information when taking Wtotal * dot Wtotal. In particular, for a free particle, the vector form ((1)) retains the resolution hbar/p even though for exp(-ipx) the bottom component is phase shifted. Thus, we argue that the vector W is a better representation of probability of presence and that W* dot W is again a kind of averaging which loses information in the problem.

  • BIP!
    Impact byBIP!
    selected citations
    These citations are derived from selected sources.
    This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    0
    popularity
    This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
    Average
    influence
    This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    Average
    impulse
    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
    Average
Powered by OpenAIRE graph
Found an issue? Give us feedback
selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green