The IPBES scoping document for the transformative change assessment describes that chapter 1 should address “the direct and indirect drivers of biodiversity loss and nature deterioration, including climate change and development and environmental inequities, and how to reverse biodiversity loss and restore and safeguard nature and its contributions to people. The chapter will consider the impacts of production and consumption systems, resource use and extraction, trade and financial flows, pollution, legacies of colonialism, and of human population dynamics and social practices related to nature and the resultant distribution of material and non-material benefits, degradation of nature and vulnerabilities across global societies and scales.” The section 1.2.2 provides evidence on the underlying causes of biodiversity loss and responds to the above mandate. In this context, an assessment of the literature has been conducted and is further described below.