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License: CC BY NC ND
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Book . 2024
License: CC BY NC ND
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La diversidad en las lenguas: los clasificadores

Authors: CRESPO CANTALAPIEDRA, IGOR;

La diversidad en las lenguas: los clasificadores

Abstract

🇪🇸 Todas las lenguas del mundo están dotadas de mecanismos que permiten catalogar los sustantivos del idioma. Uno de estos procedimientos es el género, tan característico de las lenguas indoeuropeas, con su acostumbrada distinción entre sustantivos masculinos, femeninos, y, en ocasiones, neutros. Sin embargo, esta categoría de género no es la única posibilidad existente a la hora de establecer grupos nominales. Es en este punto donde entran en juego los llamados clasificadores. Con este término se alude a un tipo especial de morfemas o palabras que han de ser incorporados en determinadas estructuras para que estas adquieran gramaticalidad, al mismo tiempo que resaltan alguna propiedad del referente denotado. Así, por ejemplo, en chino no basta con conocer las palabras correspondientes al demostrativo 'esa' (nà) y al concepto de 'mesa' (zhuōzi) para formar correctamente el sintagma 'esa mesa' (*nà zhuōzi), sino que es necesario introducir el clasificador para objetos planos zhāng para que la construcción resulte gramatical (nà zhāng zhuōzi). El presente trabajo académico, tercero en la serie sobre tipología lingüística titulada La diversidad en las lenguas: un viaje gramatical alrededor del mundo, pretende ser un breve manual introductorio acerca de estos clasificadores. Está dirigido especialmente a estudiantes universitarios de Filología y Lingüística, pero también a cualquier persona interesada en el tema. En él se analizan las semejanzas y diferencias entre clasificadores y géneros, se pasa revista a los múltiples valores semánticos que pueden configurar los sistemas de clasificadores atendiendo a aspectos como la animacidad, la forma, el tamaño, la consistencia, etc. Igualmente, se comentan los diversos usos y funcionalidades que pueden presentar los clasificadores, y se hace un estudio detallado desde un punto de vista interlingüístico de los distintos tipos de clasificadores atendiendo a sus contextos morfosintácticos de uso: clasificadores nominales, numéricos, posesivos, verbales, locativos y deícticos. 🇺🇸 🇬🇧 All languages in the world are equipped with mechanisms that allow the nouns of the language to be categorized. One of these procedures is gender, so characteristic of Indo-European languages, with its customary distinction between masculine, feminine, and sometimes neuter nouns. However, this gender category is not the only possibility when establishing nominal classes. It is at this point where the so-called classifiers come into play. This term refers to a specific type of morphemes or words that must be incorporated into certain structures so that they acquire grammaticality, while they highlight some properties of the denoted referent. Thus, for example, in Chinese it is not enough to know the words corresponding to the demonstrative 'that' (nà) and the concept of 'table' (zhuōzi) to correctly form the phrase 'that table' (*nà zhuōzi), but it is necessary to introduce the classifier for flat objects zhāng into that construction for it to become grammatical (nà zhāng zhuōzi). The present academic work, third in the series on linguistic typology entitled Diversity in languages: a grammatical journey around the world, aims to be a brief introductory manual about these classifiers. It is especially intended for university students of Philology and Linguistics, but also for anyone interested in the topic. This study analyzes the similarities and differences between classifiers and genres, and reviews the multiple semantic values that can configure classifier systems, taking into account aspects such as animacy, shape, size, consistency, etc. Likewise, the various uses and functions that classifiers can show are discussed, and a detailed study is made from a cross-linguistic point of view of the different types of classifiers considering their morphosyntactic contexts of use: nominal, numerical, possessive, verbal, locative and deictic classifiers.

Keywords

Nominal classes, Clasificadores posesivos, Referencialidad, Clasificadores relacionales, Anáfora, Clasificación nominal, Agreement, Possessive classifiers, Clasificadores numéricos, Individuation, Noun classes, Grammatical gender, Género gramatical, Anaphora, Nominalización, Clasificadores, Numeral classifiers, Derivación, Concordancia, Referentiality, Incorporación nominal, Clasificadores de tipo, Deíxis, Classifiers, Noun incorporation, Lexicogénesis, Noun classifiers, Clasificadores nominales, Clases nominales, Mensural classifiers, Deictic classifiers, Classificatory verbs, Categorización nominal, Locative classifiers, Noun categorization, Clasificadores verbales, Clasificadores deícticos, Clasificadores de medida, Relational classifiers, Verbos clasificatorios, Sortal classifiers, Derivation, Clasificadores locativos, Individualización, Nominalization

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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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