Abstract Tooth cementum annulation (TCA) is used for determining age-at-death and stress periods based on yearlydeposited layers in the root cementum of human teeth. Traditionally, TCA analysis employs optical microscopy,which requires cutting sections of the root and provides only sparse sampling in the third dimension. Ancientteeth are often unique specimens that should not be damaged. In this imaging study, we show that extended-fieldsynchrotron radiation-based microtomography can be used to provide true micrometer resolution and fullcoverage of the tooth for non-destructively surveying ancient teeth for incremental layers. To rapidly review theroot cementum layer of four teeth from an early 19th century cemetery with historical records of life events, wedeveloped a method for automatically enhancing incremental lines on virtual slices and for detecting regions withstrong incremental line appearances. Surveying large regions of the root cementum avoids missing high-contrastincremental lines and hence improves TCA analysis as an alternative to irreversible slicing of the unique teeth. Data The repository contains the microtomography data from four teeth to enable reproducing Figures 6a,c,e,f in the associated publication, Tanner et al., "Extended-field synchrotron microtomography for non-destructive analysis of incremental lines in archeological human teeth cementum". Proceedings of SPIE 11840 (2021) 1184019. DOI: 10.1117/12.2595180. Each dataset contains 57 tif slices around the selected slice selZ, i.e. selZ-28:selZ+28, as stated below. Fig. Dataset Tooth selZ Slices sampleIdx hs Directory 6a tooth4_hs04_reco_selZ715.tar.gz T1 715 687:743 2 4 dataDir1 6c zahn_OKreC_probe1_hs02_reco_selZ1730.tar.gz T2 1730 1702:1758 5 2 dataDir2 6e zahn_probe1_hs04_reco_selZ275.tar.gz T3 275 247:303 4 4 DataDir2 6f zahn35_probe2_hs02_reco_selZ275.tar.gz T4 275 247:303 3 2 dataDir1 Processing Incremental teeth lines can be enhanced via the MATLAB programs available in the github repository unibas-bmc/enhanceIncrementalTeethLines. Please extract the data from name.tar.gz via unix command "tar -xzvf name.tar.gz" . Place the .tif files called reco_????.tif in directory "dataDir1" or "dataDir2" (see last column in table) using subdirectories based on the tooth name and heightstep, e.g. "tooth4_hs04/reco/" for dataset "tooth4_hs04_reco_selZ715.tar.gz". Then set the "sampleIdx" and "hs" parameter in "dataParameterDefinitionTeeth.m" as stated in the table above. Finally run "extractCementumPatchesEnhanceIL.m" to process the data. Note We are grateful for beamtime access at the Synchrotron SOLEIL, ANATOMIX beamline (experiment no. 20200712). ANATOMIX is an Equipment of Excellence (EQUIPEX) funded by the Investments for the Future program of the French National Research Agency (ANR), project NanoimagesX, grant no. ANR-11-EQPX-0031. We also thank the Citizen Science Project BBS “Bürgerforschungsprojekt Basel-Spitalfriedhof” for their time-consuming voluntary research regarding the historical sources of the samples.