The overall purpose of WP3 to broaden our understanding of how multilevel governance can help or hinder robust responses to crisis and heightened turbulence in policymaking processes. Multilevel governance has been often described by policy scholars as a mode or instance of policymaking facilitating problem-solving through the interaction and collaboration of public authorities and key non-public stakeholders at different levels of governance (see e.g.: Piattoni 2010; Maggetti and Trein 2019). WP3 aims to create an ideal typology of strategies for achieving the necessary interactivity within multilevel governance arrangements during moments of crisis to achieve robust responses to the crisis and the turbulence that come with it. Furthermore, WP3 aims to assess this typology vis-à-vis examples of interactivity in multilevel governance arrangements to better understand which configurations or varieties of multilevel governance can support (or hinder) robust crises responses. This WP3 report provides a systematic literature review with the aim of conceptualizing modes of interactivity within multilevel governance arrangements and policymaking processes, and assessing the potential contribution of different modes or varieties of multilevel governance interactions to robustness (D3.1). A subsequent WP3 report will examine concrete examples of multilevel governance arrangements that supported (or did not support) robust crisis responses in relation to the COVID-19, the financial and the refugee crises in the ROBUST case countries (D3.2).