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</script>{"references": ["", "A. Hayyan, Md. Z. Alam, M. E. S. Mirghani, N. A. Kabbashi, N. I. N.\nM. Hakimi, Y. M. Siran, and S. Tahiruddin, \"Sludge palm oil as a\nrenewable raw material for biodiesel production by two-step processes,\"\nBioresource Technology, vol. 101, pp. 7804-7811, 2010.", "H. Matsuhashi, H. Miyazaki, Y. Kawamura, H. Nakamura, and K. Arata,\n\"Preparation of a solid superacid of sulfated tin oxide with acidity higher\nthan that of sulfated zirconia and its applications to aldol condensation\nand benzoylation,\" Chemistry of Materials, vol. 13, pp. 3038-3042,\n2001.", "F. T. Sejidov, Y. Mansoori, and N. Goodarzi, \"Esterification reaction\nusing solid heteogeneous acid catalysts under solvent-less condition,\"\nJournal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, vol. 240, pp. 186-190,\n2005.", "S. Furuta, H. Matsuhashi, and K. Arata, \"Biodiesel fuel production with\nsolid superacid catalysis in fixed bed reactor under atmospheric\npressure,\" Catalysis Communications, vol. 5, pp. 721-723, 2004.", "J. C. Juan, J. Zhang, Y. Jiang, W. Cao, and M. A. Yarmo, \"The\nzirconium sulfate microcrystal structure in relation to their activity in the\nesterification,\" Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, vol. 272,\npp. 91-95, 2007.", "H. F. Guo, P. Yan, X. Y. Hao, and Z. Z. Wang, \"Influences of\nintroducing Al on the solid super acid SO4\n2\u2212/SnO2,\" Materials Chemistry\nand Physics, vol. 112, pp. 1065-1068, 2008.", "A. S. Khder, E. A. El-Sharkawy, S. A. El-Hakam, and A. I. Ahmed,\n\"Surface characterization and catalytic activity of sulfated tin oxide\ncatalyst,\" Catalysis Communications, vol. 9, pp. 769-777, 2008.", "J. I. Moreno, R. Jaimes, R. G\u00f3mez, and M. E. Ni\u00f1o-G\u00f3mez, \"Evaluation\nof sulfated tin oxides in the esterification reaction of free fatty acids,\"\nCatalysis Today, vol. 172, pp. 34-40, 2011.", "J., Zhao, Y. Yue, D. Zhai, C. Miao, J. Shen, H. He, W. Hua, and Z. Gao,\n\"Characterization and catalytic activities of Al2O3-promoted sulfated tin\noxides,\" Catalysis Letters, vol. 133, pp. 119-124, 2009.\n[10] S. Furuta, H. Matsuhashi, and K. Arata, \"Catalytic action of sulfated tin\noxide for etherification and esterification in comparison with sulfated\nzirconia,\" Applied Catalysis A: General, vol. 269, pp. 187-191, 2004.\n[11] Y. M. Park, D. W. Lee, D. K. Kim, J. S. Lee, and K. Y. Lee, \"The\nheterogeneous catalyst system for the continuous conversion of free fatty\nacids in used vegetable oils for the production of biodiesel,\" Catalysis\nToday, vol. 131, pp. 238-243, 2008\n[12] K. Nuithitikul, and J. Limtrakul, \"Comparison in catalytic activities of\nsulfated zirconia and sulfated tin oxide for converting free fatty acids in\ncrude pal oil to their methyl esters,\" International Journal of Chemical\nReactor Engineering, vol. 10, A.37, pp. 1-27, 2012.\n[13] Y. M. Park, S. H. Chung, H. J. Eom, J. S. Lee and K. Y. Lee, \"Tungsten\noxide zirconia as solid superacid catalyst for esterification of waste acid\noil (dark oil),\" Bioresource Technology, vol. 101, pp. 6589-6593, 2010.\n[14] L. A. S. do Nascimento, L. M. Z. Tito, R. S. Ang\u00e9lica, C. E. F. da Costa,\nJ. R. Zamian, and G. N. da Rocha Filho, \"Esterification of oleic acid\nover solid acid catalysts prepared from Amazon flint kaolin,\" Applied\nCatalysis B: Environmental, vol. 101, pp. 495-503, 2011.\n[15] B. M. E. Russbueldt and W. F. Hoelderich, \"New sulfonic acid ionexchange\nresins for the preesterification of different oils and fats with\nhigh content of free fatty acids,\" Applied Catalysis A: General, vol. 362,\npp. 47-57, 2009.\n[16] J. Ni and F. C. Meunier, \"Esterification of free fatty acids in sunflower\noil over solid acid catalysts using batch and fixed bed-reactors,\" Applied\nCatalysis A: General, vol. 333, pp. 122-130, 2007.\n[17] F. Omota, A. C. Dimian, and A. Bliek, \"Fatty acid esterification by\nreactive distillation: Part 2 \u2013 kinetics-based design for sulphated zirconia\ncatalysts,\" Chemical Engineering Science, vol. 58, pp. 3175-3185, 2003.\n[18] Y. Wu and S. Liao, \"Review of SO4\n2-/MxOy solid superacid catalysts,\"\nFrontiers of Chemical Engineering in China, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 330-343,\n2009."]}
The conventional production of biodiesel from crude palm oil which contains large amounts of free fatty acids in the presence of a homogeneous base catalyst confronts the problems of soap formation and very low yield of biodiesel. To overcome these problems, free fatty acids must be esterified to their esters in the presence of an acid catalyst prior to alkaline-catalyzed transesterification. Sulfated metal oxides are a promising group of catalysts due to their very high acidity. In this research, aluminadoped sulfated tin oxide (SO4 2-/Al2O3-SnO2) catalysts were prepared and used for esterification of free fatty acids in crude palm oil in a batch reactor. The SO4 2-/Al2O3-SnO2 catalysts were prepared from different Al precursors. The results showed that different Al precursors gave different activities of the SO4 2-/Al2O3-SnO2 catalysts. The esterification of free fatty acids in crude palm oil with methanol in the presence of SO4 2-/Al2O3-SnO2 catalysts followed first-order kinetics.
Esterification, Methyl ester, Fatty acid., Biodiesel, Sulfated tin oxide
Esterification, Methyl ester, Fatty acid., Biodiesel, Sulfated tin oxide
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