The evolutionary relationships of the Hawaiian drosophilids have been studied by several molecular techniques. Immunological measurements have determined some of the distances between the major groups. More detailed studies have used protein polymorphism, DNA hybridization, DNA restriction enzyme analysis and DNA sequence studies of both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. These studies indicate both the strengths and the weaknesses of the various methods and suggest new ways to examine phylogenetic relationships and question some of the accepted ph ylogenies.