{"references": ["D.P. McMillen, and S.C. Smith, The number of subcenters in large urban\nareas. Journal of Urban Economics,Vol. 53, 2003, pp.321-338.", "D.P.McMillen,.Nonparametric employment subcenter identification.\nJournal of Urban Economics, Vol. 50, 2001, pp.448-473.", "R.Shearmur,W.Coffey, C.Dube, et al., Intrametropolitan Employment\nStructure: Polycentricity, Scatteration, Dispersal and Chaos in Toronto,\nMontreal and Vancouver, 1996-2001. Urban Studies,Vol. 44, No. 9,\n2007, pp.1713-1738.", "T.M.Stanback, The New Suburbanisation. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991.", "R. L. Forstall and R.P. Greene, Defining job concentrations: the Los\nAngeles case. Urban Geography, Vol. 18, 1997, pp.705-739.", "G. Giuliano and K.A. Small, Subcenters in the Los Angeles Region.\nRegional Science and Urban Economics,Vol. 21, 1991, pp.163-182.", "G. Giuliano, and K.A. Small, The determinants of growth of employment\nsubcenters. Journal of Transport Geography,Vol. 7, 1999, pp.189-201.", "P. Gordon and H.W.Richardson, beyond polycentricity: the dispersed\nmetropolis, Los Angels, 1970-1990. Journal of the American Planning Association. Vol. 62, 1996, pp.289-295.", "T. Fuji and T. Hartshorn, The changing metropolitan structure of Atlanta,\nGeorgia: locations of functions and regional structure in a multinucleated\nurban area. Urban Geography, Vol.16, 1995, pp. 680-707.\n[10] T.A.Harshorn and P.O. Muller, Suburban downtowns and the transformation of metropolitian Atlanta-s business landscape.Urban\nGeography, Vol.10, 1989, pp.375-395.\n[11] W.T. Bogart and W.C. Ferry, Employment centres in greater Cleveland:\nevidence of evolution in a formerly monocentric city. Urban Studies, Vol.\n36, 1999, pp. 2099-2110.\n[12] R. Cervero and K.L.Wu, Polycentrism, Commuting, and Residential\nLocation in the San Francisco Bay Area. Environment and Planning A,\nVol.29, 1997, pp.865-886.\n[13] R.Cervero and K.L.Wu, Sub-centring and Commuting: Evidence from the\nSan Francisco Bay Area, 1980-90. Urban Studies, Vol. 35, No. 7, 1998,\npp.1059-1076.\n[14] J. F. McDonld, The identification of urban employment subcentres.\nJournal of Urban Economics, Vol. 21 , 1987, pp. 242-258.\n[15] J. McDonld and P. Prather, Surburban employment centres: the case of Chicago. Urban studies, Vol. 31, 1994, pp.201-218.\n[16] D.P. McMillen and J.F. McDonald. Suburban subcenters and employment\ndensity in metropolitan Chicago. Journal of Urban Economics, Vol. 43,\n1998, pp.157-180.\n[17] S.G. Craig and P.T Ng, Using quantile smoothing splines to identify\nemployment subcenters in a multicentric urban area. Journal of Urban\nEconomics, Vol. 49, 2001, pp. 100-120.\n[18] W.J. A. Coffey and R. G. Shearmur, Agglomeration and Dispersion of\nHigh-order Service Employment in the Montreal Metropolitan Region,\n1981-96. Urban Study, Vol. 39, No. 3, 2002, pp.359-378.\n[19] R. G. Shearmur and W.J. A. Coffey, Tale of four cities: intrametropolitan\nemployment distribution in Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, and\nOttawa\u00d4\u00c7\u00f6Hull, 1981-1986. Environment and Planning A, Vol.34, 2002a,\npp:575-598.\n[20] R. G. Shearmur, and W.J. A. Coffey, Urban employment subcenters and\nsectoral clustering: complementary approaches to the study of urban form.\nUrban Geography, Vol.23, No.2, 2002b, pp. 103-130.\n[21] F. Riguelle, et al., Measuring urban polycentrism: a European case study\nand its implications. Journal of Economic Geography, No.7, 2007, pp.\n193-215.\n[22] S. Musterd and I.V.Zelm, Polycentricity, Households and the identity of\nPlaces. Urban Studies. Vol. 38, No. 4, 2001, pp.679-696.\n[23] X.Q. Xu, et al., Urban Geography. Business Press, 2005 (In Chinese).\n[24] W.Y. Wu and X. Y. Ma, Polycentric Population Density Functions and\nModelling: The Case of Shanghai. Modern Urban Research, No.12, 2006,\npp.45-52 (In Chinese).\n[25] Guangzhou Urban Planning, Design and Survey Institute, Guangzhou\n2020: Urban overall development strategy planning consult. 2007,\nUnpubilshed (In Chinese).\n[26] D.P. McMillen, Employment densities, spatial autocorrelation and\nsubcenters in large metropolitan areas. Journal of regional science,\nVol.44, No.2, 2004, pp. 225-243.\n[27] N.B. Anderson and W. T. Bogart , The structure of sprawl: identifying and\ncharacterizing employment centers in polycentric metropolitan areas.\nAmerican Journal of Economics and Sociology,Vol.60, 2001,\npp.147-169.\n[28] F. Gaschet, The new intra-urban dynamics: suburbanisation and\nfunctional specialisation in French cities. Regional Science, Vol.81, 2002,\npp.63-81.\n[29] A. Anas, et al., Urban spatial structure. Journal of Economic Literature,\nVol.36, No.9, 1998, pp.1462-1464.\n[30] Guangzhou Municipal Statistics Bureau, Guangzhou Statistics Yearbook .\nBeijing: China Statistics Press, 2009.\n[31] Guangzhou Municipal First National Economic Census Leading Group \nOffice and Guangzhou Municipal Statistics Bureau, The first national \neconomic census bulletin of Guangzhou. Guangzhou Daily. 5th, January, \n2010. \n[32] Guangzhou Baiyun District First National Economic Census Leading \nGroup Office and Guangzhou Baiyun District Statistics Bureau, \neds.,Guangzhou Baiyun District of the first national economic census \nreport in 2008. Guangzhou Baiyun District Statistics Bureau (In \nChinese),2010. \n[33] Guangzhou Haizhu District First National Economic Census Leading \nGroup Office and Guangzhou Haizhu District Statistics Bureau, eds., \nGuangzhou Haizhu District of the first national economic census bulletin \nin 2008. Guangzhou Haizhu District Statistics Bureau (In Chinese), 2010. \n[34] Guangzhou Huadu District First National Economic Census Leading \nGroup Office and Guangzhou Huadou District Statistics Bureau, eds., \nGuangzhou Huadu District of the first national economic census bulletin \nin 2008. Guangzhou Huadu District Statistics Bureau (In Chinese), 2010. \n[35] Guangzhou Huangpu District First National Economic Census Leading \nGroup Office and Guangzhou Huangpu District Statistics Bureau, eds., \nGuangzhou Huangpu District of the first national economic census \nbulletin in 2008. Guangzhou Huangpu District Statistics Bureau (In \nChinese), 2010. \n[36] Guangzhou Liwan District First National Economic Census Leading \nGroup Office and Guangzhou Liwan District Statistics Bureau, eds., \nGuangzhou Liwan District of the first national economic census bulletin \nin 2008. Guangzhou Liwan District Statistics Bureau (In Chinese), 2010. \n[37] Guangzhou Luogang District First National Economic Census Leading \nGroup Office and Guangzhou Luogang District Statistics Bureau, eds., \nGuangzhou Luogang District of the first national economic census \nbulletin in 2008. Guangzhou Luogang District Statistics Bureau (In \nChinese), 2010. \n[38] Guangzhou Panyu District First National Economic Census Leading \nGroup Office and Guangzhou Panyu District Statistics Bureau, eds., \nGuangzhou Panyu District of the first national economic census bulletin \nin 2008. Guangzhou Panyu District Statistics Bureau (In Chinese), 2010. \n[39] Guangzhou Tianhe District First National Economic Census Leading \nGroup Office and Guangzhou Tianhe District Statistics Bureau, eds., \nGuangzhou Tianhe District of the first national economic census bulletin \nin 2008. Guangzhou Tianhe District Statistics Bureau (In Chinese), 2010. \n[40] Guangzhou Yuexiu District First National Economic Census Leading \nGroup Office and Guangzhou Yuexiu District Statistics Bureau, eds., \nGuangzhou Yuexiu District of the first national economic census bulletin \nin 2008. Guangzhou Yuexiu District Statistics Bureau (In Chinese), 2010. \n[41] Guangzhou Urban Planning, Design and Survey Institute, Guangzhou \nmunicipal electronic map at Jiedao level. Unpubilshed (In Chinese), \n2006."]}

Since the late 1980s, the new phenomena of 'employment subcentres' or 'polycentricity' has appeared in the metropolises of North American and Western Europe and it has been an interesting topic for academics and researchers. This paper specifically uses one case study-Guangzhou to explore the development and the mechanism of employment subcentres and polycentricity in Chinese metropolises by spatial analysis method on the basis of the first economic census data. In conclusion, the paper regards that the employment subcentres and polycentricity has existed in Chinese metropolises. And that, the mechanism of them is mainly from the secondary industry instead of the tertiary industry in North American and Western Europe