The article is devoted to the critical analysis of the worldview-methodological paradigm established in Russian social philosophy and, accordingly, in the whole system of social and humanitarian knowledge. It is revealed that such a paradigm is, in fact, a reception of the Marxist socio-philosophical worldview-methodological paradigm underlying the whole domestic social philosophy, which at present seems to be no longer consistent with the substantive provisions of modern socio-humanitarian science. The provisions that are incorrect from the modern scientific point of view, but are key for Marxist social philosophy, are revealed. Based on the history of development of social philosophy and economic theory in the late XIX - XX centuries, the ways of overcoming the shortcomings of the Marxist worldview-methodological paradigm are analyzed and the ways for the appropriate transformation of the latter are proposed.