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Mass Casualty Acute Pepper Spray Inhalation Respiratory Effect Severity

Authors: B. Michelle Sweeting;

Mass Casualty Acute Pepper Spray Inhalation Respiratory Effect Severity

Abstract

{"references": ["T. C. Chan, G. M. Vilke, J. Clausen, R. F. Clark, P. Schmidt, T.\nSnowden, and T. Neuman, \"The effects of oleoresin capsicum \u00d4\u00c7\u00ffpepper-\nspray inhalation on respiratory function.\" Journal of Forensic Science,\nvol. 47, no. 2, pp. 299-304, 2002.", "J. J. Oh, R. Yong, R. Ponampalam, V. Anantharman, and S. H. Lim,\n\"Mass casualty incident involving pepper spray exposure: impact on the\nemergency department and management of casualties Hong Kong.\"\nJournal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 352-359, 2010.", "R. G. Christensen, and D. E. Frank, Preliminary investigation of\noleoresin capsicum. Office of Law Enforcement Standards, National\nInstitute of Standards and Technology, National Institute of Justice;\n1995 Report No. 100-95.", "P. Montaque, Chemical Composition of Pepper Sprays. 2009.", "C. G. Smith, and W. Stopford, \"Health Hazards of Pepper Spray.\"\nNCMJ, vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 268-274, 1999.", "R. W. Fuller, \"Pharmacology of inhaled capsaicin in humans.\" Respir\nMed., vol. 85, Suppl. A, pp. 31-4, 1991.", "W. Johnson, \"Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Capsicum\nAnnuum Extract, Capsicum Annuum Fruit Extract, Capsicum Annuum\nResin, Capsicum Annuum Fruit Powder, Capsicum Frutescens Fruit,\nCapsicum Frutescens Fruit Extract, Capsicum Frutescens Resin, and\nCapsaicin.\" International Journal of Toxicology, vol. 26, Suppl. 1, pp.\n3-106, 2007.", "D. F. Billmire, C. Vinocur, M. Ginda, N. B. Robinson, H. Panitch, H.\nFriss, D. Rubenstein, and J. F. Wiley, \"Pepper-spray-induced respiratory\nfailure treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.\" Pediatrics,\nvol. 98, no. 5, pp. 961-3. 1996.", "C. H. Steffee, P. E. Lantz, L. M. Flannagan, R. L. Thompson, and D.\nR. Jason, \"Oleoresin capsicum (pepper) spray and \u00d4\u00c7\u00ffn custody deaths-.\"\nAm J Forensic Med Path, vol. 16, pp. 185-92. 1995.\n[10] W. A. Watson, K. R. Stremel, and E. J. \"Oleoresin capsicum (capstun)\ntoxicity from aerosol exposures.\" Ann Pharmacotherapy, vol. 30, pp.\n733-5. 1996.\n[11] J. Granfield, J. Onnen, and C. S. Petty, Pepper spray and in-custody\ndeaths. Executive Brief. Science & Technology. Washington DC:\nInternational Association of Chiefs of Police, 1994.\n[12] D. Ross, and B. Siddle, Use of force policies and training\nrecommendations: based on the medical implications of oleoresin\ncapsicum. St. Louis: PPCT Research Review, 1996.\n[13] C. A. Reilly, J. L. Taylor, D. L. Lanza, B. A. Carr, D. J. Crouch, and G.\nS. Yost, \"Capsaicinoids Cause Inflammation and Epithelial Cell Death\nthrough Activation of Vanilloid Receptors.\" Toxicol. Sci, vol. 73, no. 1,\npp. 170-181, 2003.\n[14] B. Veronesi, M. Oortgiesen, J. Roy, J. D. Carter, S. A. Simon, and\nS. H. Gavett, \"Vanilloid (capsaicin) receptors influence inflammatory\nsensitivity in response to particulate matter.\" Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol,\nvol. 169, pp. 66-76, 2000.\n[15] D. M. McDonald, \"Infections intensify neurogenic plasma extravasation\nin the airway mucosa.\" Amer Rev Resp Dis, vol. 146, pp. S40-4, 1992.\n[16] The American Civil Liberties Union of Southern California. Pepper\nspray update: more fatalities, more questions. 1995.\n[17] R. Busker, H. P. M. van Helden, \"Toxicologic Evaluation of Pepper\nSpray as a Possible Weapon for the Dutch Police Force: Risk\nAssessment and Efficacy.\" American Journal of Forensic Medicine &\nPathology, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 309-316, 1998.\n[18] E. Seyhan, N. Mert, and H Mert, \"The Effect of Pepper Gas (OC) on\nSome Biochemical Parameters in Rats.\" KafkasUniv Vet FakDerg, vol.\n18, no. 2, pp. 259-266, 2012."]}

Pepper spray use has gained momentum since 1992 and although the active ingredient is readily available, it is considered a weapon with restricted use in many regions, including The Bahamas. In light of controversy in the literature regarding the severity of presenting respiration complaints among individuals postacute exposure of pepper spray inhalation, this descriptive case series study was conducted to assess the respiratory status of persons evaluated during a mass casualty in The Bahamas. Parameters noted were patients- demographics and respiration severity determined via clinical examination findings, disposition and follow-up review of the 20 persons. Their most common complaint was difficulty breathing post exposure. Two required admission and stayed for <24 hours uneventfully. All cases remained without residual complaints upon follow-up. Results showed that although respiration difficulty was perceived as the most detrimental of presenting complaints, it was noted to be mostly subjective with benign outcome.

Keywords

Capsaicinoids, Respiratory severity severity., Acute Pepper Spray Inhalation, Oleoresin Capsicum, Pepper spray

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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
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This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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impulse
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