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Compiling to ZKVMs

Authors: Centelles, Alberto;

Compiling to ZKVMs

Abstract

With the advent of non-uniform folding schemes, the lookup singularity, generalised arithmetisations such as CCS and the application of towers of binary fields to SNARKs, many of the existing assumptions on SNARKs have been put into question, and the design space of zkVMs has opened. Although zkVMs provide a friendly developer experience, their proving time is still significantly (around a million times) slower than direct compilation to circuits due to the overhead of their abstractions (stack, memory, execution unit, etc). One of the causes of their poor performance is that existing zkVMs are still program agnostic; their provers haven't leveraged the structure of a program. Compilers have a long history of optimising computations by identifying patterns in their structure. We take advantage of the fact that a program is generally executed before it is proven, so the prover of a zkVM is aware of execution trace before establishing a proving strategy. We explore different ways zkVMs may benefit from identifying identical sub-circuits (data-parallel circuits) in programs by analysing techniques such as the GKR protocol, uniform compilers and proof-carrying data (PCD).

Keywords

zero-knowledge proofs, virtual machines, privacy-preserving computation, zkVM

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average