
Basal Stem Rot (BSR) disease is a significant economic constraint looming over plantation crops and forest trees. Ganoderma, the causal agent critically affects the sustainability of the palm oil industry, globally. Employing a spectrum of detection methods is essential, encompassing conventional, molecular, and remote-based approaches. Conventional techniques involve visual inspections for visible symptoms such as crown abnormalities or basidiocarp presence. Molecular methods, like polymerase chain reaction (PCR), enable the genomic identification of Ganoderma, offering high sensitivity and accuracy even in asymptomatic cases. Remote-based approaches, such as satellite imagery or drones equipped with sensors, provide a large-scale surveillance. Early detection through these methods is paramount, allowing for prompt interventions against the infection and safeguarding the oil palm trees. The integration of diverse detection techniques enhances the industry's ability to identify Ganoderma infections coherently, facilitating effective management practices for mitigating the economic decline in oil palm production.
