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Presentation . 2023
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再论中古汉语的四声: 性质和演变

Revisiting Middle Chinese tones: Characteristics and evolution
Authors: Wang, Tianheng;

再论中古汉语的四声: 性质和演变

Abstract

中古汉语声调的构拟是一大难题,尤其是早期中古汉语的声调。本文首先简要回顾四声上古来源(上声源自 *-ʔ、去声源自 *-s/*-h)的提出,然后介绍“四声”的确立和声调分阴阳的相关史实,汇总唐和以前反映中古汉语声调的材料及前人的解读。这些材料包括文学描述和音乐术语、日本悉昙学描写的唐代汉语声调、梵文字母表译音反映的声调性质、日本佛教音乐所传声调的“依字行腔”,我们还对日传天台声明《天台大师画赞》的旋律片段进行分析。 接下来从生理与声学角度介绍喉部松紧可能涉及的发声类型,作为讨论中古汉语声调性质的语音学基础。首先是结合实例辨析两类喉部紧张的发声类型:一种是垂直于声带方向的力挤压声带使之贴紧,发出嘎裂声(creaky voice)乃至糙声(harsh voice),常和低声区相关;一种是平行于声带方向的力拉伸声带使之贴紧,引起音高上升,发出张声(高音调嗓音,laryngeal constriction at high pitch)。我们重新指出古上声源自 *-ʔ 的喉部紧张是张声方向的,演变为高调,与今天北京话上声中部的嘎裂声不同。喉部松弛则指向气声(breathy voice)、耳语声(whispery voice)和弛声(slack voice)这些发声类型,引起音高降低、时长增长、响度下降。我们重审晚期上古汉语 *-h 演变为去声的几种可能途径,指出它与韵母融合而消失,成为弛声,并与现代方言所见送气分调均为送气调比原调更低的现象类比。 我们新发现《切韵》反切蕴含了上声阴阳分化的苗头,结合浊阻音声母使音节开头音高下降的自然趋势和日本佛教所传声调格局,我们为《切韵》所代表的早期中古汉语提出“双调素”模型:一个舒声音节包含两个调素,第一调素的音高由声母清浊决定(因此没有音位价值),即阴阳;第二调素的音高由上古汉语后置韵尾演变而来(即四声)。第二调素上声为 H,高;去声为 L,低;平声为空,表层的音高只由第一调素决定;入声被清塞尾截断,因此也没有第二调素。这一模型与以往学者认为的阴调与阳调平行不同,也解释了为什么阴阳之分不在反切下字和押韵中体现。据此,我们为早期中古四声提出声调记法 a、á、à、aC 和发声记法 a、aˀ、aʰ、aC 两种表示方式,并且认为早期中古声调仍处于较为原始的状态,不宜采用五度标记法。 我们进一步将“双调素”模型推广到晚期中古汉语,提出从早期到晚期,去声因为延长而发生了降 > 凹 > 升的裂变,平声从无标记被重分析为 L(低),形成日本佛教所传声调的格局;进而促使“全浊上归去”和“平送仄不送”的发生,形成《声音唱和图》和原始官话的声调格局。

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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