This report investigates the institutional factors shaping late-career trajectories in the EU and their subsequent health effects. It assesses the transition from early retirement policies to policies aimed at extending working lives and the resultant implications for health, particularly in terms of inequalities among older workers. The study conducts a literature review, analysing the impact of retirement policies through push, pull, and stay factors, and how the late career relates to physical and mental health outcomes. Findings indicate that the consequences of extended working lives and retirement experiences are influenced by individual circumstances, job conditions, and wider welfare contexts, with significant heterogeneity across socioeconomic groups. The report suggests that cumulative (dis)advantages throughout one's life course significantly affect health outcomes in later life. There is need for evidence of developing policies that not only facilitate longer working lives but also address health disparities and prevent increasing social inequality is highlighted. This underscores the need for equitable approaches that consider the varying health capacities of individuals in the context of extended working careers.