Cancer is a broad term that incorporates various types of tumours that can affect any part of the body. Effective treatment of cancer must include targeted chemotherapeutic agents to the particular target cell with minimal side effects and preventing resistance against the chemotherapeutic agent. Nanotechnology has overcome these challenges. Polymeric nanoparticles are a class of nanoparticles in which different polymers are used for encapsulation of the drug. These polymeric nanoparticles are used for targeting particular cancerous cells or tissues by attaching the ligand to it that is having affinity for that particular cell resulting in improvement in stability of the drug. Polymeric nanoparticles are in demand for targeting cancerous tissues with active as well as passive approaches. Exponential use of polymeric nanoparticles for development of chemotherapeutic agents for cancer management has a sophisticated, novel formulation with minimum collateral damage and efficient targeting of therapeutic agents to tumour. In the future, more development of polymers with some therapeutic approaches will impart more use in cancer treatment