Healthy ecosystems and biodiversity are essential for the functioning of our society and economy. The loss of these natural resources reduces our ability to address major challenges such as climate change. Nature-based Solutions (NBS) refers to actions that conserve, manage, and restore natural and modified ecosystems in ways that address these challenges. This term builds on the longstanding recognition of our dependence on nature. The value of NBS is increasingly recognized at all levels, as evidenced by growing commitments and support from countries and organizations worldwide1. The multilaterally agreed definition of NBS, agreed at the May 2022 United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA)2, by 193 Member States, provides a foundation for a common understanding. The concept is widely used in development and nature-related fields. Globally, there are multiple interventions labelled as NBS and learnings have started to emerge3. Improving our understanding of the opportunities, challenges, trade-offs, and risks associated with NBS is essential for creating successful projects and promoting the global green transition. Understanding the potential for and developing interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary approaches is a key aspect of this process. This project deliverable 1.3 aims to get a better common understanding of how we in the Trans4num project addresses NBS from an inter- and transdisciplinary perspective and how we can develop nested frames and approaches for the interdisciplinary analyses of NBS across sites and scales.