History of biotechnology is very old and covers such well known and important applications as brewing beer, fermenting vine, baking bread, producing of monoclonal antibodies and many others. Discovery of recombinant DNA techniques culminated with the birth of genetic engineering and became a scientific beginning in the epoch of modern biotehnology. Today's advances in biotechnology eould not be achieved without the major sources for gene discovery: availablity of complete genomie sequenceinformation for the organism, access to high-throughput genotyping technologies, success in developing computational biology tools and developing of different molecular markers techniques. There are four major industrial applications in modern biotechnology: crop production and agriculture; nonfood uses of crops and other products; medicine (health care) and environmental uses. In this article, we will in more details describe advantages and disadvantages of several molecular marke techniques and make a short review of the different applications in modern biotechnology.