The genetic structure of gray-sided voles was investigated at a spatial scale of 2 km using mtDNA sequences. The control region (674bp) of 162 voles was sequenced and 18 haplotypes were identified. Within 0.5-ha trapping plots (n = 8), the number of haplotypes and gene diversity was significantly greater in males than in females. The fixation index among plots for females (F GP = 0.241) was 3 times as large as that for males (0.075), implying male-biased dispersal. A simulation analysis showed that the observed genetic structure in males could be generated by modifying the observed haplotype distribution of females by adding the effects of local male dispersal. Half of the pairwise F GP (15/28) showed significant differentiation in females, whereas almost none (1/28) were significant in males. Isolation by distance was observed in females, whereas no clear spatial pattern was observed in males. Most pairwise F GP for females were not significant in the short- and intermediate-distance classes (≤1.0 km) as with those for males, whereas all showed significant differentiation in the long-distance class (>1.0 km) for females, but not for males. These findings indicate that the extent of subpopulations within which individuals interact differs between sexes.

Latitude and Longitude of 8 trapping plotsPlotLocation.txtSex, captured plot# and mtDNA haplotypes of IndividualsIndividual_data.txtProject file for Arlequin analysesproject file for software Arlequin.ISK2009.txtPairwise geographic distances among 8 plotsInput file for software GenAlEx.PairwiseLn(1+GGD).csvPairwise Fgp values among 8 plots in femalesInput file for software GenAlEx.PairwiseFgpinFemales.csvPairwise Fgp values among 8 plots in malesInput file for software GenAlEx.PairwiseFgpinMales.csvComparison of number of significant Fgp between sexes at 3 distance classesData table for Fisher's exact test in JMP. FGP: Fgp values between plots. GGD: geographic distance between plots (km). GGD class: 1, short -distance class; 2, intermediate-distance class; 3 long-distance class. significantFGP: 0, not significant; 1, significant.Fgp significanceComparisonGGDclass.csvMathematica programs to calculate Fgp and the related statistics and to perform simulation, input data and outputMathematicaProgram_est034.pdf