Environmental conditions during early development can profoundly impact an organism’s phenotype, potentially resulting in future adaptations. Offspring can often obtain environmental information directly, but in some cases rely on parental cues or signals. It was recently suggested that at high ambient temperatures zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) parents use acoustic signals (‘incubation calls’ or hereon ‘v-calls’) to adaptively alter offspring development for hot conditions. However, this conclusion requires a thorough understanding of the timing and production of the call. In this study we use audio recordings (1696 hours) from within wild zebra finch nest boxes, and of non-breeding captive zebra finches experimentally exposed to heat, to characterise the circumstances under which v-calls are produced. V-call incidence was positively related to ambient temperature in the wild and captivity, confirming that v-calls are temperature dependent. However, v-calls were not limited to late incubation (as previously suggested) and were instead produced throughout incubation and chick rearing in the wild, and by non-breeding captive adults. Videos of the captive birds revealed that v-calls were produced during ‘bouts’ of panting. We found no evidence that during v-call production breathing patterns were being altered from that optimal for panting and typical of quiet respiration (1:1 inspiration:expiration). While embryos may gather climatic information from this heat-related call, it is produced over a range of conditions so is unlikely to be a specifically evolved signal for offspring programming. The idea that parents use specifically evolved signals to provide offspring with climate information requires further study.

Data1 Wild RecordingsContains data from audio recordings made within the nest boxes of breeding wild zebra finches.Data1WildRecordingAllHours.csvData 2 ibutton temperature dataContains hourly temperature data from within nest boxes for a subset of the overall nests monitored in this paper.Data2ibuttonTemp.csvData 3 Wild Daily TemperatureContains daily maximum ambient temperature in the shade, from the Bureau of Meteorology within 20km of the study site, and the presence/absence of v-calls at each nest box for each date.Data3WildDailydata.csvData 4 Lab Temperature V-CallsContains data on v-call production by captive zebra finches exposed to four temperature treatments.Data4LabTemperatureVCalls.csvData 5 Breath LengthsContains data on inspiration and expiration lengths of a focal zebra finch during panting and v-call production.Data5BreathLengths.csvData 6 README MetadataThis contains column title descriptions for Data files 1-5.Data6Metadata.csv