# The evolution of lifespan and ageing in response to dietary macronutrients in male and female decorated crickets We quantified median LS and ageing parameters for adult crickets of each sex for each population (36 populations in total, including populations evolving on their respective diets and those switched to the SCD "ancestral" diet). To determine the most appropriate ageing model and estimate ageing and baseline mortality rates for our data we used the “BaSTA” package in R (version 4.0.0, R Core Team) to fit the Gompertz, Weibull, and Logistic models of ageing within a Bayesian framework across our diet populations and the sexes (Colchero et al., 2012). For each sex per diet population, we performed three BaSTA simulations (one for each of the above ageing models), each with 2,200,200 iterations, a burn-in of 200,000 chains, and an MCMC chain sample taken every 4,000 iterations. Survival curves were obtained using the "survival" and "survminer" packages, using default settings. ## Description of the data and file structure Excel or any text file reader is required to open the files. 39 files are presented: “**G.sigillatus_survival.txt**”, "**Gsigillatus_LS_ageing.xlsx**", “**Gsigillatus_LS_ageing_baseline.xlsx**”, and **36 text files** named after the diet population to which they correspond (e.g., "lcn_r1_fm" contains the data belonging to the population on L/C diet, replicate 1, females and males; "lcs_r1_fm" contains the data belonging to the population that evolved on L/C but was switched to SCD diet to establish the common garden setting, replicate 1, females and males). The data in “**G.sigillatus_survival**” were used to calculate survival and plot survival curves. The first column "id" contains the identity of each individual, while the remaining ones are self-explanatory: diet (S = SCD - Standard cricket diet; LPS = Low calorie, Protein-biased, Switched; LPN = Low calorie, Protein-biased, Non-switched; LCS = Low calorie, Carbohydrate-biased, Switched; LCN = Low calorie, Carbohydrate-biased, Non-switched; HPS = High calorie, Protein-biased, Switched; HPN = High calorie, Protein-biased, Non-switched; HCS = High calorie, Carbohydrate-biased, Switched; HCN = High calorie, Carbohydrate-biased, Non-switched) rep (replicate population) sex lifespan (expressed as number of days) status (1 = alive) The data in "**Gsigillatus_LS_ageing.xlsx**" and "**Gsigillatus_LS_ageing_baseline.xlsx**" were used for the multi and univariate analyses (MANOVA and ANOVA). In both files, the columns are self-explanatory: Evolved diet (HC = High calorie, Carbohydrate-biased; HP = High calorie, Protein-biased; LC = Low calorie, Carbohydrate-biased; LP = Low calorie, Protein-biased) Diet switch (Evolution diet = not switched; SCD = switched to SCD to establish common garden) Caloric content (High or Low) Nutrient ratio (C_bias = Carbohydrate-biased, P_bias= Protein-biased) Sex Replicate Body size (pronotum width, in mm) LS (lifespan, in days) Gomp rate (Gompertz ageing rate) Gomp baseline (Gompertz baseline mortality) In the files named after diet populations, the first column contains the identity ("id"), the second column the birth day ("birth"), the third column the death day ("death"), and the remaining columns the days in which each individual was observed (1) or not observed (0). Data is not censored for any of the populations. The number of days varies across files depending on the population. These data were used to fit ageing models and subsequently estimate ageing and baseline mortality rates for each sex, replicate and diet population. ## Sharing/Access information Links to other publicly accessible locations of the data: \* The data contained on Dryad will be also be made publicly available via the Research Data Management System at Western Sydney University. Data was derived from the following sources: \* All uploaded data has been collected from experiments conducted by the authors. ## Code/Software Version 4.0.0 of R was used, as well as the “BaSTA”, “survival”, and "survminer" packages, to fit ageing models and estimate ageing parameters, and calculate survival and plot survival curves. Our code follows the parameters specified above and/or outlined in the Methods section of our article. Version 29.0.0.0 of IBM SPSS was used to run the multi and univariate analyses following the specifications outlined in the Methods section of our article.

Dietary macronutrients regulate lifespan and ageing, yet little is known about their evolutionary effects. Here, we examine the evolutionary response of these traits in decorated crickets (Gryllodes sigillatus) maintained on diets varying in caloric content and protein-to-carbohydrate ratio. After 37 generations, each population was split: half remained on the evolution diet and half switched to a standardized diet. Crickets lived longer and aged slower when evolving on high-calorie (both sexes) and carbohydrate-biased (females only) diets and had lower baseline mortality on high-calorie (females only) diets. However, on the standardized diet, crickets lived longer when evolving on high-calorie diets (both sexes), aged slower on high-calorie (females only) and carbohydrate-biased (both sexes) diets, and had lower baseline mortality on high-calorie (males only) and protein-biased (both sexes) diets. Lifespan was longer and baseline mortality lower when provided the evolution versus the standardized diet but ageing rate was comparable. Moreover, lifespan was longer, ageing slower (females only) and baseline mortality lower (males only) compared to our evolved baseline suggesting varying degrees of dietary adaptation. Collectively, we show dietary components influence the evolution of lifespan and ageing in different ways and highlight the value of combining experimental evolution with nutritional geometry.