How communities assemble and restructure is of critical importance to ecological theory, evolutionary theory, and conservation, but long-term perspectives on the patterns and processes of community assembly are rarely integrated into traditional community ecology, and the utility of communities as an ecological concept has been repeatedly questioned in part due to a lack of temporal perspective. Through a synthesis of paleontological and neontological data, I reconstruct Caribbean frugivore communities over the Quaternary (2.58 mya – present). Numerous Caribbean frugivore lineages arise during periods coincident with the global origins of plant-frugivore mutualisms. The persistence of many of these lineages into the Quaternary is indicative of long-term community stability, but an analysis of Quaternary extinctions reveals a non-random loss of large-bodied mammalian and reptilian frugivores. Anthropogenic impacts, including human niche construction, underlie the recent reorganization of frugivore communities, setting the stage for continued declines and evolutionary responses in plants that have lost mutualistic partners. These impacts also support ongoing and future introductions of invader complexes: introduced plants and frugivores that further exacerbate native biodiversity loss by interacting more strongly with one another than with native plants or frugivores. This work illustrates the importance of paleontological data and perspectives in conceptualizing ecological communities, which are dynamic and important entities.

# Assembly, persistence, and disassembly dynamics of Quaternary Caribbean frugivore communities [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.1ns1rn92f](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.1ns1rn92f) Supplementary Table 1 (Sup1_Caribbean_Frugivore_Dataset_03062024.csv) is the full dataset of frugivores used in this study. 03112024_Frugivore_Code.R is the R code used for statistical analyses in this study. ## Description of the data and file structure Supplementary Table 1 is necessary to run the R code 03112024_Frugivore_Code.R Table 1 has 10 columns with the following headers: 1. Class: The taxonomic class of the organism in the row. 2. Order: the taxonomic order of the organism in the row. 3. Family: the taxonomic family of the organism in the row. 4. Species: the species name of the organism in the row. 5. Extinction.Status: the extinction status of the organism in the row. It is either "extant" or "extinct." 6. Native.Status: whether the species is native or introduced to the biogeographic region of the Caribbean (see column 9). 7. Mass: the mass (in g) of the species. 8. IUCN: The IUCN Redlist status. 9. Region: the region(s) where the species is found with the extinction and native status indicated in the row. "BAH" stands for Bahamas, "LA" the Lesser Antilles, "GA" the Greater Antilles 10. Data Sources: literature from which data were gathered

This dataset is a collation of body size data in the form of body mass for frugivorous birds, mammals, and reptiles in the Caribbean, both past and present. Extinct and extant frugivores were identified through literature review of previously published datasets and natural history accounts. In cases where direct body size measurements were not available, body size was estimated using allometric equations as described in the paper. Frugivores were classified based on their geographic distribution within the Caribbean (Greater Antilles, Bahamian Archipelago, and/or Lesser Antilles), their extinction status, and their status as either a native or introduced species. Statistical analyses were conducted across geographic realms, taxonomic groups, and time periods.