A new species in Rubiaceae, Ophiorrhiza xishuiensis , is described from China. The new species is endemic to the Danxia landform at the juncture of Guizhou Province, Sichuan Province, and Chongqing City. It is a herb with a 1–7 cm long rooting stem, 3–11 nodes, and most leaves arranged in markedly unequal pairs. It has a somewhat inequilateral leaf blade base, a congested-cymose inflorescence, and well-developed bracteoles. We investigated two populations in Guizhou, China. The new taxon has been collected or photographed by others in Sichuan and Chongqing, China, and misidentified as O. japonica , O. umbricola , O. cantonensis , or O. chinensis . An identification key to O. xishuiensis and morphologically similar species is provided.