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Article . 2026 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
Data sources: Crossref
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SPACEWHALE: Using Satellite Imagery to Survey Whales in Remote Areas and Thus to Enhance Conservation Efforts

Authors: Julika Voß; Caroline Höschle; Recep Can; Amel Mahjoub; Vladislav Kosarev; Kelly Macleod;

SPACEWHALE: Using Satellite Imagery to Survey Whales in Remote Areas and Thus to Enhance Conservation Efforts

Abstract

There is an ambitious global goal to protect 30% of the ocean by 2030. However, currently, only 8.1% of the ocean is protected and over 80% of the ocean is still unexplored. We thus urgently need to collect data for evidence-based decision-making to help tackle the global climate and biodiversity crises and to support coastal communities. But mapping these areas and key indicator species like whales using ship-based and aerial surveys tend to be limited in scale/scope, time-consuming, expensive and pose safety risks to surveyors, while acoustic monitoring is difficult to convert into counts of individuals for most species. To overcome these challenges, BioConsult SH and HiDef Aerial Surveying Ltd developed the service, SPACEWHALE. Bridging technological innovation with marine conservation, SPACEWHALE monitors whales and other wildlife species from space using satellite imagery and AI. We determine where whales are, provide a minimum count and investigate when they are in certain areas—quickly and over wide cross-border areas—yet at comparable costs to traditional survey methods. The “SPACEWHALE” service uses very high-resolution satellite imagery (e.g., resolution of 0.3 m per pixel). At this resolution, we can distinguish between several large whale species as well as between juveniles and adults. In addition, we can detect a diverse range of large cetaceans down to a body length of 9 meters and smaller. By taking a snapshot of the ocean area of interest, we can capture very large and remote areas almost instantaneously. Due to licensing restrictions, we are not permitted to share satellite imagery itself, but we summarise our findings in a report that contains easily processable data, such as the locations of the whales, for further analysis. We developed a semi-automatic process to evaluate satellite images combining state-of-the-art artificial intelligence with marine mammal expertise. Artificial intelligence as applied in SPACEWHALE means that data are collected and processed in a standardized way: satellite imagery is first analysed by a convolutional neural network-based object detection algorithm. Our algorithm is highly effective: a study in collaboration with Stony Brook University in New York and HiDef Aerial Surveying Ltd from the UK showed that the algorithm correctly classified 100% of images containing whales and 94% of images containing only water (Borowicz et al. 2019). Once the automated process is complete, a large team of expert reviewers validates the outputs to ensure that misclassifications such as boats, rocks, waves or sea foam are minimized, implementing a human-in-the-loop framework for comparable and quality-checked data. Applying this semi-automatic approach in diverse ecosystems, we have already successfully monitored fin whales and other species in the Bay of Biscay and in the Pelagos Sanctuary, blue whales and other marine megafauna off Mexico, humpback whales in Hawaiian waters, and southern right whales off Argentina and New Zealand. The methodology has been validated through comparison with conventional aerial and ship-based surveys demonstrating a strong agreement (Höschle et al. 2022). Satellite snapshots can be taken over previously unexplored areas, providing baseline data for environmental impact assessments for offshore wind farm operators and contributing to the identification of Important Marine Mammal Areas and Marine Protected Areas. The service can be applied at different spatial and temporal scales, from local and regional to ocean basins and over time with repeated surveys, enabling long-term monitoring, generating robust, standardized data for marine spatial planning and complementing international efforts (e. g. Marine Strategy Framework Directive, Convention on Biological Diversity targets, United Nations Ocean Decade). We are at a step where satellite-based data informs applied conservation by providing useful guidance to find solutions that balance species conservation with human use of the seas. It has the potential to elevate conservation efforts to appropriate spatial scales for wide ranging species.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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Related to Research communities
Italian National Biodiversity Future Center