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Water
Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
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Water
Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
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Transforming Water Education Through Investment in Innovation: A Case Study on the Cost-Benefit of Virtual Reality in Water Education

Authors: Aleksandar Djordjević; Milica Ćirić; Vuk Milošević; Dragan Radivojević; Edwin Zammit; Daren Scerri; Milan Gocić;

Transforming Water Education Through Investment in Innovation: A Case Study on the Cost-Benefit of Virtual Reality in Water Education

Abstract

This paper examines the relationship between investment in water education and economic performance, focusing on the context of widening countries (EU Member States and Associated Countries with lower research and innovation performance). Through time-series data and panel regression analysis, the study investigates whether increased spending on education correlates with Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth. While the initial static model indicates a positive but statistically insignificant association, a dynamic model with lagged GDP significantly improves explanatory power, suggesting that educational investments may influence growth with a temporal delay. Complementing the macroeconomic data, the paper analyses how targeted investments in educational innovation, especially in digital technologies such as virtual reality (VR) applications, enhance teaching quality and student engagement. Examples from partner universities involved in the WATERLINE project (Horizon Europe, 101071306) show how custom-built VR modules, aligned with existing hydraulic labs, contribute to advanced water-related skills. The paper also presents a cost-benefit analysis of VR applications in water education, highlighting their economic efficiency compared to traditional laboratory equipment. Additionally, it explores how micro-level innovations in education can generate macroeconomic benefits through widespread adoption and systemic impact. Ultimately, the research highlights the long-term value of education and innovation in strengthening both economic and human capital across diverse regions.

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