Key takeaways • The Arctic presence of the PLA has evolved alongside Russia's power projection and strategic needs, as the PLA enhances its own capabilities in the region. • China is advancing its technologies and combat capabilities for the Arctic’s conditions, ensuring its ability to operate independently and alongside Russian forces. A main concern is the development of its nuclear capabilities and ICBM responses in the Arctic environment. • The civil-military connection is evident and should be carefully considered when commercial enterprises are introduced in the Arctic. • Natural resources play a pivotal role in the growing Chinese presence in the Arctic. Investments in LNG and minerals are closely linked to PLA operations. • Technological developments for Arctic conditions are progressing rapidly, influencing not only regional security but also broader geopolitical dynamics.