The role of government is crucial in building an effective science and innovation System. The economic growth of China is a knowledge-based economy, but more investment is needed to help boost human creativity and economic output. The current global technological leadership has touted China from been copying to fixed for a purpose, which makes China the extraordinary economic development from imitation to innovation as well as enormous investment in innovation, in which the government plays a critical fundamental role in the technological innovation of the country. The key drivers that were identified are science technology innovation policy, science driven by globalization and entrepreneurship. In furtherance, there were key challenges China still battling with, which include the strategic innovation ecosystem and human resource capital.