India is home to a rich diversity of indigenous communities, many of whom have preserved distinct cultural traditions and ecological knowledge systems for centuries. Among these communities, the Muthuvan tribe inhabiting the hill ranges of the Western Ghats represents a unique example of indigenous adaptation to mountainous environments. The present study examines the socio-cultural life, livelihood practices, and gender roles within the Muthuvan tribal community residing in the Kurangani Hills of Tamil Nadu. The research draws upon field observations, oral narratives, and secondary literature related to tribal societies in South India. The findings indicate that the Muthuvan community maintains a close ecological relationship with forest resources and hill agriculture. Their social organization reflects strong kinship bonds, collective decision-making, and traditional leadership structures. Women play a crucial role in economic production, household management, and cultural transmission within the community. However, recent influences of modernization, market forces, and state-led development policies have gradually transformed aspects of their traditional lifestyle. This study highlights the importance of preserving indigenous knowledge while ensuring inclusive development through policy frameworks such as the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act and international commitments related to indigenous rights and sustainable development.