Sleep is a fundamental biological process essential for maintaining physical health, cognitive performance, and emotional well-being. However, modern lifestyles have contributed to a growing prevalence of sleep deprivation across all age groups. Insufficient sleep has been associated with numerous adverse health outcomes, including cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, impaired immunity, depression, and reduced cognitive functioning. This review examines the causes, consequences, and health implications of sleep deprivation. The paper also discusses preventive measures and recommendations for improving sleep quality. Findings indicate that adequate sleep should be considered a critical component of public health strategies aimed at enhancing overall well-being and reducing the burden of chronic diseases.