Objective:This studyaims to identify the sociodemographic, maternal, and obstetricriskfactorsassociatedwith neural tube defects (NTDs) and determinetheirprevalenceamongnewbornshospitalized in the neonatology and neonatal intensive care unit at CHU Mohamed VI Oujda. Methods:Weconducted a descriptive retrospectivestudy over an 18-month period, including all newbornshospitalizedwithisolated or associatedNTDs. Incomplete records wereexcludedfrom the analysis. Results:Out of 797 hospitalizednewborns, 66 hadcongenital malformations, including 10 cases of NTDs (1.25%). The types of NTDsidentifiedwereanencephaly (1 case), spina bifida (6 cases), and encephalocele (3 cases). The majority of mothers had an average age of 34.3 years, with 80% coming from a low socioeconomic status and 60% having a history of consanguineous marriages. Additionally, fenugreek consumption during the first trimester of pregnancy was reported in 70% of cases, while only 20% of mothers had taken folic acid.Regarding the newborns, 70% presented with hypotonia, and 60% exhibited weak or absent primitive reflexes. The short-term postoperative mortality rate was 30%. Discussion:The prevalence of neural tube defects (NTDs) observed in this study is significantly higher than the global average, which may be explained by unfavorable socioeconomic conditions and maternal nutritional deficiencies. Fenugreek consumption and low folic acid supplementation were identified as significant risk factors. Conclusion:To reduce the incidence of NTDs, itis essential to Strengthening prenatal care, encouraging folic acid supplementation, and advising against the consumption of fenugreek during pregnancy are essential. A preventive strategy tailored to local specificities could significantly improve newborn health and reduce complications associated with neural tube defects (NTDs).