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Discovery of the First Insect Nidovirus, a Missing Evolutionary Link in the Emergence of the Largest RNA Virus Genomes

اكتشاف أول فيروس Nidovirus للحشرات، وهو رابط تطوري مفقود في ظهور أكبر جينومات فيروس RNA
Authors: Phan Thi Nga; Maria del Carmen Parquet; Chris Lauber; Manmohan Parida; Takeshi Nabeshima; Fuxun Yu; Nguyễn Thanh Thủy; +7 Authors

Discovery of the First Insect Nidovirus, a Missing Evolutionary Link in the Emergence of the Largest RNA Virus Genomes

Abstract

Les nidovirus avec de grands génomes (26,3-31,7 kb ; « grands nidovirus »), y compris les Coronaviridae et les Roniviridae, sont les virus à ARN simple brin (ARNs+) à sens positif les plus complexes. En fonction de la taille du génome, ils sont très éloignés de tous les autres virus ssRNA+ (moins de 19,6 ko), y compris les Arteriviridae apparentés à distance (12,7-15,7 ko ; « petits nidovirus »). Exceptionnellement pour les virus ssRNA+, les grands nidovirus codent pour une exoribonucléase 3'-5' (ExoN) impliquée dans le contrôle de la fidélité de la réplication de l'ARN. Son acquisition a peut-être donné naissance à l'ancêtre des grands nidovirus, hypothèse pour laquelle nous apportons ici un soutien évolutif en utilisant la génomique comparative impliquant le premier nidovirus transmis par les insectes nouvellement découvert. Ce virus Nam Dinh (NDiV), du nom d'une province vietnamienne, a été isolé chez les moustiques et n'est pas encore lié à une quelconque pathologie. Le génome de ce virus enveloppé de 60 à 80 nm est de 20 192 nt et possède une organisation polycistronique de type nidovirus comprenant deux grands cadres de lecture ouverts (ORF) 1a et 1b se chevauchant partiellement, suivis de plusieurs ORF proximaux 3'plus petits. Le séquençage des peptides a attribué trois protéines virion aux ORF 2a, 2b et 3, qui sont exprimées à partir de deux ARN sous-génomiques 3'-coterminaux. Le signal de décalage de trame NDiV ORF1a/ORF1b et diverses protéines réplicatives ont été provisoirement mappés à des positions canoniques dans le génome du nidovirus. Ils comprennent six domaines de réplicase conservés à l'échelle du nidovirus, ainsi que l'ExoN et la 2'-O-méthyltransférase qui sont spécifiques aux grands nidovirus. Le NDiV ORF1b code également pour une N7-méthyltransférase présumée, identifiée dans un sous-ensemble de grands nidovirus, mais pas pour l'endonucléase spécifique de l'uridylate qui - en déviation du paradigme actuel - est présente exclusivement dans les nidovirus vertébrés actuellement connus. L'inférence phylogénétique enracinée par les méthodes bayésiennes et de probabilité maximale indique que les grappes de NDiV avec des ronivirus et que sa branche a divergé des grands nidovirus tôt après leur séparation des petits nidovirus. Ensemble, ces caractéristiques identifient le NDiV comme le prototype d'une nouvelle famille de nidovirus et un chaînon manquant dans la transition des petits aux grands nidovirus.

Los nidovirus con genomas grandes (26.3-31.7 kb; 'nidovirus grandes'), incluidos Coronaviridae y Roniviridae, son los virus de ARN monocatenario de sentido positivo (ARNmc+) más complejos. Con base en el tamaño del genoma, están muy separados de todos los demás virus ARNmc+ (por debajo de 19.6 kb), incluidos los Arteriviridae distantemente relacionados (12.7-15.7 kb; 'nidovirus pequeños'). Excepcionalmente para los virus ARNmc+, los nidovirus grandes codifican una exorribonucleasa 3'-5' (ExoN) que estaba implicada en el control de la fidelidad de replicación del ARN. Su adquisición puede haber dado lugar al ancestro de los grandes nidovirus, una hipótesis para la que aquí proporcionamos apoyo evolutivo utilizando genómica comparativa que involucra al primer nidovirus transmitido por insectos recién descubierto. Este virus Nam Dinh (NDiV), que lleva el nombre de una provincia vietnamita, se aisló de los mosquitos y aún no se ha relacionado con ninguna patología. El genoma de este virus envuelto de 60-80 nm es de 20,192 nt y tiene una organización policistrónica similar a un nidovirus que incluye dos marcos de lectura abiertos (ORF) grandes y parcialmente superpuestos 1a y 1b seguidos de varios ORF 3'-proximales más pequeños. La secuenciación peptídica asignó tres proteínas de virión a los ORF 2a, 2b y 3, que se expresan a partir de dos ARN subgenómicos 3'-coterminales. La señal de desplazamiento de marco ORF1a/ORF1b de NDiV y varias proteínas replicativas se mapearon provisionalmente en posiciones canónicas en el genoma del nidovirus. Incluyen seis dominios de replicasa conservados en todo el nidovirus, así como la ExoN y la 2'-O-metiltransferasa que son específicas de los nidovirus grandes. NDiV ORF1b también codifica una supuesta N7-metiltransferasa, identificada en un subconjunto de nidovirus grandes, pero no la endonucleasa específica de uridilato que, a diferencia del paradigma actual, está presente exclusivamente en los nidovirus de vertebrados actualmente conocidos. La inferencia filogenética arraigada por métodos bayesianos y de máxima probabilidad indica que los NDiV se agrupan con ronivirus y que su rama divergió de los nidovirus grandes poco después de separarse de los nidovirus pequeños. En conjunto, estas características identifican al NDiV como el prototipo de una nueva familia de nidovirus y un eslabón perdido en la transición de nidovirus pequeños a grandes.

Nidoviruses with large genomes (26.3-31.7 kb; 'large nidoviruses'), including Coronaviridae and Roniviridae, are the most complex positive-sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA+) viruses. Based on genome size, they are far separated from all other ssRNA+ viruses (below 19.6 kb), including the distantly related Arteriviridae (12.7-15.7 kb; 'small nidoviruses'). Exceptionally for ssRNA+ viruses, large nidoviruses encode a 3'-5'exoribonuclease (ExoN) that was implicated in controlling RNA replication fidelity. Its acquisition may have given rise to the ancestor of large nidoviruses, a hypothesis for which we here provide evolutionary support using comparative genomics involving the newly discovered first insect-borne nidovirus. This Nam Dinh virus (NDiV), named after a Vietnamese province, was isolated from mosquitoes and is yet to be linked to any pathology. The genome of this enveloped 60-80 nm virus is 20,192 nt and has a nidovirus-like polycistronic organization including two large, partially overlapping open reading frames (ORF) 1a and 1b followed by several smaller 3'-proximal ORFs. Peptide sequencing assigned three virion proteins to ORFs 2a, 2b, and 3, which are expressed from two 3'-coterminal subgenomic RNAs. The NDiV ORF1a/ORF1b frameshifting signal and various replicative proteins were tentatively mapped to canonical positions in the nidovirus genome. They include six nidovirus-wide conserved replicase domains, as well as the ExoN and 2'-O-methyltransferase that are specific to large nidoviruses. NDiV ORF1b also encodes a putative N7-methyltransferase, identified in a subset of large nidoviruses, but not the uridylate-specific endonuclease that - in deviation from the current paradigm - is present exclusively in the currently known vertebrate nidoviruses. Rooted phylogenetic inference by Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood methods indicates that NDiV clusters with roniviruses and that its branch diverged from large nidoviruses early after they split from small nidoviruses. Together these characteristics identify NDiV as the prototype of a new nidovirus family and a missing link in the transition from small to large nidoviruses.

فيروسات النيدوفيروس ذات الجينوم الكبير (26.3-31.7 كيلوبايت ؛ "فيروسات النيدوفيروس الكبيرة ")، بما في ذلك الفيروسات التاجية والفيروسات الرونية، هي أكثر فيروسات الحمض النووي الريبي أحادية السلسلة (ssRNA+) ذات المعنى الإيجابي الأكثر تعقيدًا. بناءً على حجم الجينوم، يتم فصلها بعيدًا عن جميع فيروسات ssRNA+ الأخرى (أقل من 19.6 كيلوبايت)، بما في ذلك الفيروسات الشريانية ذات الصلة البعيدة (12.7-15.7 كيلوبايت ؛ "فيروسات النيدوفيروس الصغيرة "). بشكل استثنائي لفيروسات ssRNA+، تقوم فيروسات nidoviruses الكبيرة بتشفير 3'-5 'exoribonuclease (ExoN) الذي كان متورطًا في التحكم في دقة تكاثر الحمض النووي الريبي. قد يكون اكتسابها قد أدى إلى ظهور سلف فيروسات النيدوفيروس الكبيرة، وهي فرضية نقدم لها هنا الدعم التطوري باستخدام علم الجينوم المقارن الذي يتضمن أول فيروس نيدوفيروس ينقله الحشرات المكتشف حديثًا. تم عزل فيروس نام دينه (NDiV)، الذي سمي على اسم مقاطعة فيتنامية، عن البعوض ولم يتم ربطه بعد بأي أمراض. جينوم فيروس 60-80 نانومتر المغلف هذا هو 20،192 نانومتر وله تنظيم متعدد السيسترونيك يشبه النيدوفيروس بما في ذلك إطارين كبيرين متداخلين جزئيًا للقراءة المفتوحة (ORF) 1a و 1b متبوعًا بالعديد من ORFs الأصغر 3'. خصص تسلسل الببتيد ثلاثة بروتينات فيريونية إلى ORFs 2a و 2b و 3، والتي يتم التعبير عنها من اثنين من الحمض النووي الريبي دون الجيني 3'- coterminal. تم تعيين إشارة نقل الإطار NDiV ORF1a/ORF1b والبروتينات التكرارية المختلفة مبدئيًا إلى المواضع الكنسية في جينوم nidovirus. وهي تشمل ستة نطاقات نسخ متماثلة محفوظة على نطاق nidovirus، بالإضافة إلى ExoN و 2'- O - methyltransferase الخاصة بفيروسات nidoviruses الكبيرة. يشفر NDiV ORF1b أيضًا إنزيم N7 - methyltransferase المفترض، الذي تم تحديده في مجموعة فرعية من فيروسات nidoviruses الكبيرة، ولكن ليس النوكلياز الداخلي الخاص باليوريديلات والذي - في انحراف عن النموذج الحالي - موجود حصريًا في فيروسات nidoviruses الفقارية المعروفة حاليًا. يشير الاستدلال الوراثي العرقي المتجذر بواسطة طرق Bayesian و Maximum Licelihood إلى أن NDiV يتجمع مع فيروسات روني وأن فرعه تباعد عن فيروسات النيدوفيروس الكبيرة في وقت مبكر بعد انفصالها عن فيروسات النيدوفيروس الصغيرة. تحدد هذه الخصائص مجتمعة NDiV كنموذج أولي لعائلة nidovirus جديدة وحلقة مفقودة في الانتقال من nidoviruses الصغيرة إلى الكبيرة.

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Netherlands
Keywords

Genes, Viral, Arterivirus, Plant Science, Infectious disease (medical specialty), Nidovirales, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, Gene, Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins, Genome Size, Pathology, Disease, Viridae, Biology (General), Cloning, Molecular, Phylogeny, Genome, biotic associations, corona viruses, Life Sciences, covid, Exons, Open reading frame, Biological Evolution, Culex, covid-19, RNA, Viral, Medicine, CETAF-taskforce, Research Article, Gene Expression Regulation, Viral, RNA virus, Coronaviridae, QH301-705.5, Molecular Sequence Data, RNase P, ORFS, virus-host, Cell Line, Open Reading Frames, pathogen-host, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Virology, Health Sciences, Genetics, Peptide sequence, Animals, biotic relations, Amino Acid Sequence, Global Impact of Arboviral Diseases, Molecular Biology, Biology, Base Sequence, Small RNAs, Genomic organization, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Computational Biology, pathogens, RC581-607, biotic interaction, Exoribonuclease, Coronavirus, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), FOS: Biological sciences, Exoribonucleases, Viral RNA Silencing and Plant Immunity, Nucleic Acid Conformation, RNA, Immunologic diseases. Allergy, Subgenomic mRNA, Sequence Alignment

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